Kinesiology Exam 3

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to and from on the spine?

Anterior vertebral bodies & the annulus fibrosis from C2 to the Sacrum

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to and from on the spine?

Extends on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal from C1 to the scrum.

What movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit at the spine?

Extension

What movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit at the spine?

Flexion

What are the 2 parts that make up the vertebral discs?

Annulus fibrosis & Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosis?

Series of fibro-elastic cartilage rings that surround the inner portion of the disk.

Nucleus Pulposus

Inner gelatin material of the disc made up about 80% of water.

The spine is made up of zygapophyseal joints or facet joints. What type of joint are they classified as?

Plane joint

What plane orientation does the facet joints have at the cervical vertebrae?

Oblique plane

What plane orientation does the facet joints have at the thoracic vertebrae?

Frontal plane

What plane orientation does the facet joints have at the lumbar vertebrae?

Sagittal plane

What muscles are responsible for cervical flexion?

Scalenes & Longus coli

What muscles are responsible for cervical extension?

SCM, Semispinalis capitis, Splenius capitis, Splenius cervicis, & upper erector spinae

What muscles are responsible for left cervical lateral flexion?

L SCM, L Scalenes, & L Splenius Capitis

What muscles are responsible for right cervical lateral flexion?

R SCM, R Scalenes, & R Splenius Capitis

What muscles are responsible for left cervical rotation?

R SCM, L Scalenes, & R Semispinalis capitis

What muscles are responsible for right cervical rotation?

L SCM, R Scalenes, & L Semispinalis capitis

What muscle is responsible for flexion of the trunk?

Rectus abdominus

What muscle is responsible for extension of the trunk?

Erector spinae

What muscles are responsible for left lateral flexion of the trunk?

L erector spinae, L Quadratus lumborum, L External oblique & L Internal oblique

What muscles are responsible for right lateral flexion of the trunk?

R erector spinae, R Quadratus lumborum, R External oblique & R Internal oblique

What muscles are responsible for left rotation of the spine?

R external oblique & L internal oblique

What muscles are responsible for right rotation of the spine?

L external oblique & R internal oblique

What makes up the pelvis?

2 innominate bones + sacrum

The innominate bones of the hip are made up of what 3 bones?

Ilium, Ischium, & Pubis

What portion of the ilium designates your waist?

Iliac crest

What is the boney landmark that is the most anterior point of the iliac crest?

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

What is the boney landmark that is the most posterior point of the iliac crest?

Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

What boney landmark is the posterior-inferior projection of ischium?

Ischial tuberosity

What is the purpose of the Sacrotuberous ligament?

Stabilize the SI joint

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament connect to an from?

Connects the pelvis to the vertebral column

What structures of the pelvis does the sacrospinous ligament connect?

Attaches from the outer edge of the sacrum to the spine of the ischium. This ligament sits anteriorly to the sacrotuberous ligament.

What is the function of the Iliolumbar ligament?

Helps maintain alignment of L5 on the sacrum during movement.

What structures does the iliolumbar ligament connect to and from?

Connects from the transverse process of L5 to the crest of the ilium.

What motion does the anterior sacroiliac ligament prevent?

Anterior and inferior movement of the sacrum.

What ligament is the strongest ligament of the hip?

Iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament)

What motions does the iliofemoral ligament limit?

Hip extension, lateral rotation, & adduction

What motion does the pubofemoral ligament limit?

Extension, & abduction

What motions does the ischiofemoral ligament limit?

Hyperextension, Internal rotation, and adduction when hip is FLEXED

What is the open pack position of the hip?

30 degrees of flexion, 30 degrees of abduction, & slight external rotation

What position is the hip in when you have the greatest amount articular contact and the ligaments of the hip joint are the MOST relaxed?

Open-packed

What position is the hip in when you have the least amount of articular contact and the ligaments of the hip joint are the TIGHTEST

Closed-packed

Coxa vara

Abnormally decreased angle of inclination (The neck of the femur angle is close with the shaft)

Coxa valga

Abnormally increased angle of inclination (The neck of the femur angle is farther with the shaft)

Femoral anteversion

Angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the medial-lateral axis of the femoral condyles

What is the normal amount of femoral anteversion in adults?

About 15 degrees

Femoral retroversion

The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the medial-lateral axis of the femoral condyles is 0 degrees

What muscles are responsible for hip flexion?

Iliacus, Psoas Major, Rectus femoris, Pectineus, and TFL

What muscles are responsible for hip extension?

Glute max, Biceps femoris (LH), semitendinosus, & semimembranosus

What muscles are responsible for hip abduction?

Glute medius & glute minimus (hip stabilizers)

What muscles are responsible for hip adduction?

Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, Gracilis, & Pectineus

What muscles are responsible for hip external rotation?

Glute max & 6 lateral rotators

What muscles are responsible for hip internal rotation?

Glute minimus & TFL

The knee complex is made up of what 2 joints?

Patellofemoral & tibiofemoral

What is the open pack position of the tibiofemoral joint?

20-30 degrees or greater of flexion

What is the closed pack position of the tibiofemoral joint?

Full extension

What is the open pack position of the patellofemoral joint?

20-30 degrees of knee flexion to full passive extension

What is the closed pack position of the patellofemoral joint?

20-30 degrees of knee flexion to full knee extension

What happens with the Screw Home Mechanism of the Knee during extension?

During the last 30 degrees of knee extension, the tibia externally rotates and the femur internally rotates.

What happens with the Screw Home Mechanism of the Knee during flexion?

The tibia internally rotates and the femur externally rotates.

Genu Valgus

“Knock knees”

Increased weight-bearing forces on the lateral aspect of the joint(compression on lateral side

Increased medial stress on the knee joint capsule & MCL

Genu Varus

Increased weight-bearing on medial aspect of the knee (compression on medial side)

Increased lateral stresses of the joint capsule & LCL

Genu Recurvatum

Knee joint is abnormally hyperextended when standing

Genu Varus is associated with what diseases?

Osteoarthritis & Degenerative joint disease

What are the functions of the menisci?

Increase contact of the femur and tibia

Shock absorption

Knee joint lubrication

Stabilization

Distribute weight bearing

Which menisci is more susceptible to tear?

Medial

What is the function of the IT band?

Acts as a tense ligament of the knee to assist LCL in stabilizing against varus(medial) forces

What is the function of the MCL at the tibiofemoral joint?

Stabilizes against valgus(lateral) forces & medial-lateral rotations

What is the function of the LCL at the tibiofemoral joint?

Stabilizes the knee against varus(medial) forces & lateral rotation

What is the Q angle at the hip?

Estimates the resultant line of pull of the quads

What is the normal Q-angle of an adult?

13-15 degrees

What does an increased Q angle result in at the patellofemoral joint?

Lateral pull of the patella

What joint position at the hip and knee would you be in for passive insufficiency?

Hip flexion & knee extension

What joint position at the hip and knee would you be in for active insufficiency?

Hip extension & knee flexion

What bones make up the rear foot (subtalar joint)

Talus & calcaneus

What makes up the forefoot?

Metatarsals & phalanges

What bones make up the midfoot?

Navicular, Cuboid, Medial cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and intermediate cuneiform

What bones make up the talocrural joint?

Distal tibia and fibula & talus

About how many degrees of plantar flexion should you have?

50 degrees

About how many degrees of dorsi flexion should you have?

15-20 degrees

What do the LCL ligaments at the talocrural joint prevent?

Inversion

What do the MCL ligaments (deltoid ligaments) at the talocrural joint prevent?

Eversion

What motions make up supination at the ankle complex?

Inversion + adduction + plantar flexion

What motions make up pronation at the ankle complex?

Eversion + abduction + dorsiflexion

What is the transverse tarsal joint?

Transitional link between the rear foot & forefoot

What is the tarsometatarsal joint?

Transitional link between the tarsals and metatarsals

How many degrees of freedom does the MTP joint have?

2

How many degrees of freedom does the IP joints have?

1

The foot and ankle complex functions as what 2 things during mobility?

Shock absorber & and rigid lever push off

Pes planus

Flat feet

Pes cavus

Abnormally high medial longitudinal arch

What is the primary function of the plantar fascia?

Passsive support to the medial longitudinal arch

What muscles support the medial longitudinal arch?

Tibialis posterior, flexor hallicus longus, & flexor digitorum longus

What muscles support the lateral longitundal arch?

Peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, and flexor digitorum longus

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?

Tibialis anterior & peroneus tertius

What muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

Peronus longus & peronus brevis

What muscles make up the superficial portion of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Gastrocnemius & soleus

What muscles make up the deep portion of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Tibialis posterior

What is the role of the plantar fascia during ambulation during the push-off phase?

It tightens to stabilize the foot

What are the functions of the arches of the feet?

Stability, Protection, & Mobility