Cartilage Cheat Sheet

Cartilage basic characteristics (blood + nerves)

avascular and aneural (no blood vessels or nerves)

What surrounds cartilage?

perichondrium

Functions of perichondrium

provides nutrients via diffusion

Main cells of cartilage

chondrocytes

Space that holds chondrocytes

lacunae

Cartilage matrix composition

gel-like ground substance + fibers

Most abundant cartilage type

hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage fibers

collagen fibers

Hyaline cartilage appearance

glassy/frosted

Hyaline cartilage locations

joints, ribs, nose, trachea

Elastic cartilage key feature

contains elastic fibers E

Elastic cartilage locations

ear and epiglottis ONLY

Strongest cartilage type

fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage functions

resists compression and tension

Fibrocartilage locations

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci

Two types of cartilage growth

appositional and interstitial

Appositional growth definition

growth from the outside

Interstitial growth definition

growth from within

Bone growth type

Appositional only

Cartilage vs. bone (blood supply)

cartilage = none, bone = present

Cartilage cells vs. bone cells

chondrocytes vs. osteocytes

7 functions of bone (SPAM BTH)

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage, hormone production

Where are minerals stored in bone?

bone matrix

What minerals are stored in bone?

calcium and phosphate

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

What does red marrow produce?

RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets

What is stored in yellow bone marrow?

triglycerides (fat)

Hormone produced by bone

osteocalcin

Axial skeleton includes

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Appendicular skeleton includes

limbs and girdles

Long bone structure parts

diaphysis, epiphyses, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity

Diaphysis definition

shaft of long bone

Epiphysis definition

ends of long bone

Medullary cavity contains (adults)

yellow marrow

Short bones

•cube-shaped

•wrist and ankles

Flat bones

•protection + muscle attachment

sternum and ribs

Sesamoid

•patella

•reduce friction, change tendon pull

Irregular bone

•vertebrae and hip bones

Compact bone function

strength and protection S

Spongy bone structure and function

•provide structural support

•house red bone marrow for blood cell production

Periosteum functions

outer covering, growth, blood supply W

Why are fractures painful

periosteum has nerves

Endosteum location

inner bone surfaces

Bone cells

1. osteoprogenitor

2. osteoblast

3. osteocyte

4. lining cells

5. osteoclast

Osteoblast

build bone Os

Osteoclast

break down bone

Osteocyte

maintain bone

Osteon definition

structural unit of compact bone

Central (Haversian) canal contains

blood vessels and nerves

Lamellae

concentric rings of bone matric

Organic bone component

collagen (flexibility)

Inorganic component

hydroxyapatite (hardness(

Ossification definition

bone formation

Endochondral ossification

•hyaline cartilage → bone

•femur, humerus, tibia, vertebrae, pelvis, and base of skull

Intramembranous ossification

•fibrous membrane → bone

•frontal and parietal bone, mandible and maxilla, clavicle

Epiphyseal plate function

lengthwise bone growth

5 zones of epiphyseal plate (Royal Penguins Hate Cold Oceans)

1. resting

2. proliferation

3. hypertrophic

4. calcification

5. ossification

Resting zone

•small inactive cartilage

zone of reserve cartilage

Proliferation zone

•growth zone

•chondrocytes divide rapidly, stacking up like coins

•multiplying to create more cartilage

Hypertrophic zone

•maturation zone

•cartilage cells stop dividing and grow huge

•they take up more space

Calcification zone

•death zone

•cartilage matrix calcifies (hardens)

•enlarged cells die

Ossification zone

•deposition zone

•blood vessels enter

•bone replaced

PTH function

increases blood clacium W

olff’s law

bone adapts to stress

1st stage (fracture repair)

hematoma forms

2nd stage (fracture repair)

soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus forms

3rd stage (fracture repair)

hard (bony) callus forms

4th stage (fracture repair)

remodeling begins

open (compound) fracture

closed (simple) fracture

displaced fracture

transverse fracture

oblique fracture

compression fracture

greenstick fracture

spiral

communiated fracture

Osteomalacia/Rickets

•poor mineralization (soft bones)

•lack of vitamin D

•osteomalacia = adults

•rickets = children

Osteoporosis

•too much bone resorption

•porous bones

•most common group: postmenopausal women

Paget’s disease problem

•disorganized bone remodeling

•messy bones

Tuberosity

•BIG BUMP

•large-rounded projection

Crest

•narrow ridge of bone

•ridge on a helmet

Trochanter

•very large, blunt irregularly shaped process

•TRUCK-sized bump

Line

•narrow ride of bone

•less prominent

•light line

Tubercle

•small-rounded projection or process

•tiny small bump

Epicondyle

•raised area on or above a condyle

•epi = above

Spine

•sharp and slender

•often projection

•sharp spine = OUCH

Process

•any bony prominence

•anything sticking out

Head

•bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

•ball head = rounded end

Facet

•smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface

•flat face

Condyle

•rounded articular projection; often articulates with a corresponding fossa

•rounded connector

Groove

•furrow

•slide; shallow trench

Fissure

•narrow-slit like opening

•fish-slit = narrow crack

Foramen

•round or oval opening through a bone

•”for a man to pass through”

Notch

indentation

Meatus

•canal-like passageway

•me-at-us = tunnel

Sinus

•cavity within a bone

•air space

Fossa

•shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

•fossil sits in

Cartilage (OVERVIEW)

•avascular

•chondrocytes

•matrix = flexible

•appositional and interstitial growth

Bone (OVERVIEW)

•blood

•osteocytes

•matrix = hard

•interstitial growth