CHEM 1060: UNIT 4 EXAM

Where do enzymes get their prefixes from?

their substrates or the type of reaction

What is another word for substrates?

Reactants

What are the 6 major classes of enzymes?

1. Oxidoreductase

2. Transferase

3. Hydrolase

4. Isomerase

5. Ligase

6. Lyase

What is a simple enzyme?

Enzymes that work on it’s own (without a cofactor)

What is a Conjugated enzyme?

An enzyme that cannot work on it’s own (needs a cofactor)

What is an apoenzyme?

A conjugated enzyme that does not have a cofactor (but needs one. therefore they don’t work)

What are some examples of inorganic cofactors?

metal ions, Magnesium and Zinc

What is another word for organic cofactors?

coenzymes

What are the coenzymes (organic cofactors) we need to know?

NAD

FAD

CoA (Coenzyme A)

PLP

TPP

What Vitamin do coenzymes come from?

Vitamin B

What vitamin does FAD come from?

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

What vitamin does NAD come from?

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

What vitamin does CoA come from?

Vitamin B5 (panthothenic acid)

What vitamin does PLP come from?

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

What vitamin does TPP come from?

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Why do you put the enzyme above the arrow when showing a reaction?

Because Enzymes are not consumed by a reaction

What part of an enzyme do substrates bind to?

The active site

What is the lock and key fit theory?

the enzyme is very rigid and will not move to accomodate for the substrate (which has to be the exact same original copy)

What is the Induced fit theory?

The enzyme is not rigid, and will move to accomodate the substrate

What are some factors that affect enzyme activity?

1. temperature

2. pH

3. [S] (substrates concentration)

4. [E] (enzyme concentration)

What is the graph that shows the relationship between enzyme activity and temperature?

What is the graph that shows the relationship between enzyme activity and pH?

What is the graph that shows the relationship between enzyme activity and substrate concentration?

What is the graph that shows the relationship between enzyme activity and enzyme concentration?

why does the graph that shows the relationship between enzyme activity and temp start to go down after hitting optimal temp?

After optimal temp, the temp is too high and causes the enzymes to denature

What does optimum pH depend on when showing the relationship between enzyme activity and pH?

location of the body the enzyme is

Why does the graph start to “flat line” when showing the relationship between enzyme activity and [S]

because you can only add so many substrates to an enzyme until all the active sites are filled up

What are the 2 types of inhibition?

1. Competitive Inhibition

2. Noncompetitive Inhibition

What is competitive inhibition?

When the inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for the active site

What is noncompetitive inhibition?

The inhibitor molecule does not bind to the active site because it does not resemble the substrate. It binds to the Alosteric site instead. (which changes the shape of the enzyme

What are the 2 different nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

where is DNA located in the cell?

the nucleus

where is RNA located in the cell?

the cytoplasm OR nucleus

What is a nucleotide made up of?

cyclical amine base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

What are the 2 categories of cyclical amine bases?

purines and pyrimidines

What bases are known as purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What bases are known as pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

What is a purine?

2 cyclical structures attached with nitrogens

What is a pyrimidine?

A single ring with nitrogens attached

What is the structure for adenine?

What is the structure for guanine?

What is the structure for cytosine?

What is the structure for thymine?

What is the structure for uracil?

What is it called when you add a cyclical base to a pentose sugar but no phosphate?

Nucleosides

What is the suffix for purine nucleosides?

-sine

What is the suffix for pyrimidine nucleosides?

-dine

Where do we attach a pentose sugar to a cyclical base?

on the bottom Nitrogen (replace the H)

What do you call a nucleoside that has a deoxyribose and not a ribose?

d- (… nucleoside name)

What carbon is the phosphorus group attached to when making a nucleotide?

carbon 5 of the pentose

How do you name a nucleotide?

nucleoside name + mono + phosphate

eg:

uridinemonophosphate

or

d-guanisinemonophosphate

When making a dinucleotide, what does the phosphate group attach to?

the sugar

What does 5’ and 3’ ends mean?

5’ means the fifth carbon is not attached to a nucleotide

3’ means the third carbon is not attached to a nucleotide

What enzyme unzips the 2 strands of DNA to replicate each one and make 2 daughter cells?

Helicase

What is a gene?

strech of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide.

Where does translation happen?

the ribosomes

Where does transcription happen?

the nucleus

Where does replication happen?

the nucleus

what is replication?

replicating DNA into more DNA

(DNA→DNA)

what is transcription?

Turning the DNA strand into a RNA strand

(DNA → RNA)

what is translation?

Turning the mRNA into the proper polypeptide with the codon chart

(RNA → Protein)

what are all of the different types of RNA?

mRNA

tRNA

snRNA

hnRNA

rRNA

What is mRNA?

messenger RNA. It is the result of transcription after the introns are spliced out and it delivers the RNA from transcription in the nucleus to the ribosomes to build instructions for tRNA during translation.

What is tRNA’s job?

transfer RNA. It transfers the proper amino acid to the mRNA.

What is snRNA?

the RNA that splices out the introns.

What is hnRNA?

Heteronuclear RNA. It is the first transcript that includes both introns and extrons.

What are exons?

Parts of DNA that code for proteins

what side of tRNA carries the amino acid?

the 3’ end

What are the 3 types of mutations?

1. point mutation

2. deletion

3. translocation

What are some examples of mutagens?

steroids
UV light
cigarettes
toxic chemicals

How does UV light act as a mutagen?

Makes 2 thymines bond together instead of it’s complementary pair

What is DNA recombinant technology? What is another word for it?

When you put 2 DNA’s from different sources together. Cloning

What 3 things can scientists make with DNA recombinant technology?

1. insulin

2. human growth hormone

3. TPA (clot buster)

How does DNA recombinant technology work?

1. Take plasmid DNA from a bacteria cell

2. Restriction enzymes cat the Plasmid DNA

3. Add whatever you want more of to the spot that the restriction enzymes cut

4. place the new plasmid DNA back into the original bacteria