Cardiac Glycosides test, Flavonoids test & Saponins

Keller-Killiani’s test

test for 2-deoxysugar

ferric chloride TS

• Keller-Kiliani’s reagent

• 3mL of 1% FeCl₃ in 50mL glacial acetic acid

reddish-brown

• Keller-Kiliani’s test positive result

• may turn blue or purple

Liebermann-Burchard test

test for unsaturated steroids and triterpenes

dichloromethane
acetic anhydride
conc. H₂SO₄

Libermann-Burchard’s reagents

blue to green
red
pink
purple or violet

Libermann-Burchard’s test positive result

Kedde’s test

test for unsaturated lactose

1g 3.5-dinitrobenzoic acid in 5mL methanol
50mL 2M KOH mixture

Kedde’s reagent

blue to violet color

Kedde’s test positive result

2mL 0.025% digitoxin in methanol

Kedde’s test positive standard

Salkowski’s test

test for sterols

conc. H₂SO₄

Salkowski’s reagent

red layer in junction

Salkowski’s test positive result

anthraquinone glycosides

• largest group of naturally occurring quinone pigment

• occur as hydroxylated, methylated, or carboxylated derivatives of anthraquinones, anthrones, anthranal or dianthrone

O-glycosides
C-glycosides

anthraquinone glycosides aglycones

ammonia solution

• Borntrager’s reagent

• 35.7mL of 28% ammonia in 64.3mL of d. H₂O

red coloration in the lower ammoniacal layer

Borntrager’s test positive result

0.5M KOH
5% H₂O₂
glacial acetic acid
benzene
ammonia

Modified Borntrager’s reagent

pink color

Modified Borntrager’s test positive result

flavonoids

• phenolic plant pigments containing y-benzopyrone nucleus

• include anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, cathechins, aurones, chalcones

• have reported anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti- inflammatory and cytotoxic activities

Bate-Smith and Metcalf method

test for leucoanthocyanins

conc. hydrochloric acid

Bate-Smith and Metcalf method reagent

strong red / violet

Bate-Smith and Metcalf method positive result

Willstatter “Cyanidin” test

test for y-benzopyrone nucleus

conc. hydrochloric acid
magnesium turnings
octanol

Willstatter “Cyanidin” reagent

orange to red
crimson and magenta
green or blue

Willstatter “Cyanidin” test positive result

saponins

• steroidal/triterpenoid glycosides characterized by their ability to froth when agitated

• exert a powerful hemolytic action on RBCs and are highly toxic when injected into the bloodstream

• has interesting spermicidal & molluscicidal activity

steroidal saponins

monocot (Dioscoreaceae)

triterpenoid saponins

dicot (Agavaceae)

Sarsaparilla

a beverage (root beer)

Gugo

used as a shampoo

Ginseng

• drug for longevity

• adaptogen

• tonic