Ch 7: The Axial Skeleton

BIOL 2301 - Margarita Bracamonte - HCCS

Which are the axial bones?

All bones at the center core of the body.

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

80.

What are the main structures of the axial bones?

• Skull

• Auditory ossicles

• Hyoid bone

• Thoracic cage

• Vertebral column

Which bones in the skull come in pairs?

• Maxillae

• Parietal

• Palatine

• Nasal

• Inferior nasal conchae

• Zygomatic

• Temporal

• Parietal

• Lacrimal

Which bones in the skull come as one?

• Mandible

• Occipital

• Frontal

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Vomer

How many bones are in the skull?

22.

What are the two parts of the skull?

Facial and cranial bones.

What is the function of the cranial bones?

To surround and protect the brain.

How many cranial bones are there?

8.

Out of the bones in the skull, which are cranial bones?

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Frontal

• Parietal

• Occipital

What is the function of the facial bones?

Protection and support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts and allow for facial expression muscles to move.

How many facial bones are there?

14.

Out of the bones in the skull, which are facial bones?

• Maxillae

• Zygomatic

• Palatine

• Lacrimal

What is the orbital cavity of the skull?

The bones that are a part of/surround the eyeball.

How many bones are in the orbital cavity?

7.

What are the 7 bones in the orbital cavity?

• Zygomatic

• Maxilla

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Frontal

• Palatine

• Lacrimal

Out of the 7 bones in the orbital cavity, which are cranial bones?

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Frontal

Out of the bones in the skull, which are facial bones?

• Maxillae

• Zygomatic

• Mandible

• Palatine

• Lacrimal

• Nasal

• Inferior nasal conchae

• Vomer

What bone is at ‘1’?

Frontal.

What bone is at ‘2’?

Parietal.

What bone is at ‘3’?

Occipital.

What bone is at ‘4’?

Temporal.

What bone is at ‘5’?

Sphenoid.

What bone is at ‘6’?

Ethmoid.

What bone is at ‘7’?

Maxilla.

What bone is at ‘8’?

Mandible.

What bone is at ‘9’?

Nasal.

What bone is at ‘10’?

Palatine.

What bone is at ‘11’?

Inferior nasal concha.

What bone is at ‘12’?

Lacrimal.

What bone is at ‘13’?

Zygomatic.

What bone is at ‘14’?

Vomer.

What are the bones associated with the skull?

The auditory ossicles and the hyoid bone.

How many auditory ossicle bones are there?

6.

What are the auditory ossicle bones?

• Malleus

• Incus

• Stapes

Which auditory ossicle bones come in pairs?

• Malleus

• Incus

• Stapes

What is the bone labeled ‘1’?

Malleus.

What is the bone labeled ‘2’?

The incus.

What is the bone labeled '3’?

The stapes.

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

Transmittance of soundwaves to the inner ears.

What would occur if the auditory ossicles are damaged?

Person would have little to no hearing.

Which accessory to the skull bones come as one?

Hyoid bone.

What is this bone?

The hyoid bone.

Where is the hyoid bone located?

Mid-neck area – Adam’s apple area.

What attaches to the hyoid bone?

The tongue muscles.

What is the only bone in the entire skeleton that does not connect with any other one?

The hyoid bone.

What is a suture?

Immovable joints that join cranial bones together.

What are the 4 kinds of sutures?

1. Coronal

2. Sagittal

3. Lambdoidal

4. Squamous

What does the coronal suture connect?

The frontal bone to the parietal bones.

What does the sagittal suture connect?

The parietal bones together through the midline.

What does the lambdoidal suture connect?

The occipital bones to the parietal bones.

What does the squamous suture connect?

The temporal bones to the parietal bones.

What kind of suture is at letter A?

Coronal.

What kind of suture is at letter B?

Squamous.

What kind of suture is at letter C?

Lambdoidal.

What kind of suture is at letter D?

Sagittal.

What is a bone landmark/marking?

Projections, depressions, and openings in the bones.

What is the function of bone landmark/markings?

Provide attachment location for tissues, form joints, the passage of blood vessels, etc.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The external auditory meatus on the temporal bone.

What is the external auditory meatus?

Opening that leads to the ear bones, it’s essentially the ‘ear’ hole.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The styloid processes on the temporal bone.

What is the function of the styloid process in the temporal bone?

Attachment to small bones/ligaments and supports hyoid bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The zygomatic process on the temporal bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The mastoid processes on the temporal bone.

What is the function of the mastoid process?

Holding the sternocleidomastoid muscle that moves laterally up and down.

Where can the mastoid process be felt?

At the side of the head behind the earlobe.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The mandibular fossa on the temporal bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The foramen magnum on the occipital bone.

What passes through the foramen magnum?

The spinal cord.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The occipital condyles on the occipital bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The external occipital protuberance on the occipital bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The lesser wing on the sphenoid bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The greater wing on the sphenoid bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The Sella turcica on the sphenoid bone.

What does the Sella turcica protect?

The pituitary gland.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The crista galli on the ethmoid bone.

What does the crista galli anchor?

The dura matter.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The cribriform plate on the ethmoid bone.

What is the cribriform plate on the ethmoid bone for?

A passageway for olfactory nerves to pass from the nasal cavity to the brain.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The perpendicular plate on the ethmoid bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The superior and inferior nasal conchae on the ethmoid bone.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The body of the mandible.

What is the body of the mandible?

The horizontal section of the mandible.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The ramus of the mandible.

What is the ramus?

The vertical section of the mandible.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The mental foramen on the mandible.

What is the mental foramen?

A hole in the body for nerve passage into the mandibular canal.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The palatine process on the maxillae.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The temporal process on the zygomatic bone.

What is this pointing to? What bones are involved?

The zygomatic arch of the zygomatic and temporal bones.

What is the zygomatic arch?

A check bridge that is formed by both zygomatic and temporal process.

What is this pointing to? What bone is it on?

The lacrimal sac on the lacrimal bone.

How many bones are in an adult’s vertebral column?

26.

What is each vertebra separated by?

A piece of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc.

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

Protection of the spinal cord, head support, and provide attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and back muscles.

What are the topmost vertebrae called?

Cervical vertebrae.

How many vertebrae are cervical?

7.

What are the two most famous vertebrae?

Atlas and axis.

What is another name for the atlas vertebra?

C1.

What is another name for the axis vertebra?

C2.