alcohols

are alchohls more or less volatile than their corresponding alkene

less

are alchohls more or less soluble in water than their corresponding alkene

more

do alcohols have a higher or lower bp than their corresponding alkene

higher

how can the properties of alchohols be explaine d

by considering polarity of bonds in alcohols and alkenes and the subsequent effect on IMF

what kind of bonds do alkenes have and why

have non polar bonds as electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen are very similar

what kind of forces do alkenes have

very weak London forces as they are non polar molecules

are alcohols polar or non polar and why

they have polar o-h bonds because of difference in electronagtivity of O and H

what kind of forces do alcohols have

they have wet London ones but also stronger hydrogen bonds between polar OH groups

what must be broken to turn an alchohol into a gas

intermoelcular hydrogen bonds which therefore makes them less volatile

how do you name an alcohol

-longer carbon chain - stem
-which carbon the function group is on
-suffix is -ol
-any prefixes are added
e.g butan-2,3-ol

what if is the suffix with two functional groups

diol

what types of molecules are most soluble

compounds that can form hydrogen bonds with water

why are alcohols soluble

hydrogen bonds can form between polar -OH group and the water

draw a hydrogen bond between methanol and water

how can alchohls be classified

primary, secondary or tertiary

what is a primary alcohol

OH is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to;
-two hydrgen atoms
-one alkyl group

what is a secondary alcohol

OH is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to;
-one hydrgen atoms
-two alkyl groups

what is a tertiary alcohol

OH is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to;
-no hydrgen atoms
-three alkyl group

what do alcohols produce during combustion

co2 and h20

what type of reaction is combustion of alcohols

combustion as it realises large amounts of energy in the form of heat

what happens during combustion as number of carbon atoms increases

the quantity of head also increases

what alcohol can be oxidised

primary and secondary

what oxidising agent is used

potassium dichromate (V) and phosphoric acid

how can you tell when somethings been oxidised

orange solution reduced to green

what are primary alchohls oxidesed to

aldehydes or carboxylic acid - this depends on the reaction conditions used

how do you oxidise a primary alcohol to an aldehyde

-acidified potassium dichromate
-heated gently
-to prevent carboxylic acid being formed the aldehyde is distilled out as it forms

how do you oxidise a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

-excess acidified potassium dichromate
-heat strongly

what are secondary alcohols oxidised to

ketones

how. are secondary alcohols oxidised

-by an oxidising agent, acidified potassium dichromate (VI).
-heated under reflux

what is a dehydration reaction

when a water molecule is removed from the starting material, forming water as a product

how does a dehydration of an alcohol take place

heated under reflux with an acid catalyst

what is the product of the dehydration of an alcohol

alkene

what happens during substation reaction of an alcohol

reacts with hydrogen halide to form a haloalkane

what are the conditions for a substation reaction

heated under reflux with sulfuric acid and sodium halide

what is the oxidation out come of primary alchohls

aldehyde and carboxylic acid

oxidation fo alchohol to an aldehyde

-acdifireed potassium dichromate
-heat under distillation
-colour changes from orange to green
-aldehyde forms as the product is distilled off before further oxidation

what is the word equation of the oxidation of a primary alchohol to an aldehyde

primary alchohol + [O] -> aldehyde + water

functional group of an aldehyde

O=C-H

oxidation fo alchohol to a carboxylic acid

-acdifireed potassium dichromate
-heat under reflux
-color change from orange to green
-carbocylic acid forms as the aldehyde stays in contact with the oxidising agent

what is the word equation of the oxidation of a primary alchohol to an carboylic acid

primary alchohol + 2[O] -> carboxlylic acid + water

what is the oxidation out come of secondary alchohls

ketones

oxidation fo alchohol to a ketone

-secondary alchohol
-acdifireed potassium dichromate
-heat under reflux
-color change from orange to green

what is the word equation of the oxidation of a secondary alchohol to a ketone

secondary alchohol + [O] -> ketone + water

what is the word equation of the oxidation of an aldehyde to a ketone

aldehyde + [O] -> carbon;lic acid

what is the word equation for the nucleophilic subsection of an alchohol with HBr

alcohol + HBr -> bromroalkane + water