UNIT 2: 1607 - 1754

Encomienda system

Spanish colonial labor system:

• gave settlers control over native on a piece of land (WHICH THEY DID NOT OWN) to give protection and convert them to Christianity in exchange for tribute/labor

• BUT WAS ACTUALLY A FROM OF SLAVERY

Hacienda system

replaced Encomienda system:

• was more agriculturally (land grant) ( to grow cash crops) then the encomienda system(people/tribute grant)

• now allowed the plantation owner to OWN THE LAND where the encomienda system did not

• tied local workers (native/ mestizos) to land based on debt

Spanish goals in America

• Wealth

• Conversion to Christianity

• Spanish caste system

Pueblo Revolt

1680: THE ONE TIME NAs WON in a uprising

• NA resistance when Spanish priests said no syncretism

• Spanish killed their medicine men→ caused rebellion where PUEBLO WON

• 12 years later → Spanish came back, conquered the pueblos

Syncretism

Pueblo people did this

• added catholic beliefs to their own pueblo transitional ones when forced to by Spanish.

Plymouth (New England Colony)

1620: Pilgrims= separatists

• MAYFLOWER COMPACT: established first majority rules/self-government

• Emigrated in family groups

• Subsistence farmers (only grew what they needed to).

• Combined with Massachusetts Bay colony to create a EXPORT colony

Massachusetts Bay (New England Colony)

1630: STIRCLY puritan

• Family groups

• based on biblical principles

• all free landowning men = vote on policy( greater than England)

• MAJORITY RULE

• Combined with Plymouth colony to create a EXPORT colony

Middle Colonies

• New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania

• DIVERSE: RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE (many different types of people)

• compared to New England (only puritan)

• economic, export of grain

Pennsylvania

• created by William Penn

• Quaker refuge = Very religiously TOLERANT

• ECONOMY GREW = cash crops

Jamestown/ Virgina colony (Chesapeake/North Carolina region)

• goal: $$$ - JOHN ROLF’s intro to tobacco

• COMPARISION to NEWENGLAND:

  • J had single men: to get RICH\

  • while NewE had families to start a society

• House of Burgesses: representative gov, but limited to white landowning men

Southern Atlantic & British West Indies

• Highest slavery, replaced indentured servitude

• Close to equator - long growing seasons - profitable sugar cane = PLANTATIONS:

  • African population boom outnumbering whites 4:1 = SLAVE CODES: stripped black rights and gave white planters complete pwr - brutal punishments

• west indies planters went to south Carolina and brouht slave codes = sc transformed into BWI but grew rice and indigos

• CREATION of social hierarchy: whites on tops, blacks on bottom

Transatlantic Slave Trade

trasnproted 12 million blacks to colonies for plantations

Triangular trade (form of transatlantic trade)

New England → West Africa = Rum

West Africa→ West Indies = Enslaved Africans

West Indies → New England = Sugarcane

Trade with NAs

• Introduced European Goods: Metal tools, firearms. cloths

• gave NAs diseases: Small pox(devasted Na population)

Mercantilism

More Exports than Imports

WHY?:

• measurement in gold and silver( limited in world , so if exporting gold is coming in, but if importing gold is going out)

• stat driven economic system: gov made all the economic decision

• colonies exist to boost motherland’s economy

• cause of NAVIGATION ACTS

(Economic system that emphasized a favorable balance of trade)

Navigation Acts

• trade to and from colonies can only be carried/operated English ships/crew

• all import to colonies had to pass through English ports

• specific / "ENUMERATED” goods could only by exported to Britain. the OG was TOBACCO, list expanded over the years.

Salutary Neglect 1690 to 1763

British didn’t enforce laws like the Navigation Acts:

• distance of Atlantic ocean 3000 miles

• 1642-1763 was England civil and four wars with France caused them to be busy British colonial agents would allow bribes and not enforce regulations.

• Cause colonies to use methods such as smuggling

Beaver Wars

• Iroquois: depletion of beaver caused them to want to expand to the Ohio and Great Lakes River territories.

• French had many ALLIANCES with NAs such as:

  • Huron

  • Erie

  • Petun

  • Innu

  • Algonquin

  • Wenro etc..

cause remember French before traded and made alliances with them in UNIT 1 while British showed them away

• British only had few such as the Iroqouis