Untitled Flashcard Set

What prefix means 'without' or 'absent'?

An- / A-

What is the suffix for a surgical puncture to aspirate fluid?

-centesis

The term for 'difficulty breathing' or 'shortness of breath' is:

Dyspnea

Which term describes 'normal, spontaneous breathing'?

Eupnea

What does the term 'stenosis' mean?

Narrowing or constriction.

The absence of breathing is called:

Apnea

What term refers to an airway being 'open'?

Patent

Difficulty breathing while lying flat is called:

Orthopnea

Coughing up blood from the lungs is:

Hemoptysis

The sensation of breathing is called:

Pnea

Which structure is the common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tracts?

Pharynx

What leaf-shaped cartilage prevents aspiration during swallowing?

Epiglottis

The opening between the vocal cords is the:

Glottis

Which structure is known as the 'voice box'?

Larynx

What is the name of the 'windpipe' (Generation 0)?

Trachea

The point where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left lungs is the:

Carina

Microscopic hairs that sweep mucus out of the lungs are:

Cilia

Where are the 'Canals of Lambert' located?

In the terminal bronchioles.

What is the primary function of the Canals of Lambert?

Alternative gas pathways.

The 'root' of the lung where vessels and nerves enter is the:

Hilum

Which structure is the primary muscle for breathing?

Diaphragm

The 'breastbone' is technically called the:

Sternum.

The membrane that lines the lungs is the:

Pleura.

Which pleural layer is directly attached to the lung surface?

Visceral pleura.

Tiny air sacs responsible for gas exchange are:

Alveoli.

Which cartilage is the only complete circular ring in the airway?

Cricoid cartilage.

The nasopharynx is lined with which type of epithelium?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

The oropharynx is lined with which type of epithelium?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

What is the function of the nasal turbinates?

To warm, humidify, and filter air.

The 'respiratory zone' begins at which structure?

Respiratory bronchioles.

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes.

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes.

Which fissure is unique to the right lung?

Horizontal fissure.

The horizontal fissure separates which two lobes?

Upper and middle lobes.

Which lung contains the 'cardiac notch'?

Left lung.

What is the name of the 'tongue-like' extension on the left lung?

Lingula.

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung?

10 segments.

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung?

8 segments.

Which fissure is present in both lungs?

Oblique fissure.

Why is knowledge of bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?

To localize diseases and plan surgical interventions.

Which stage occurs during Weeks 0-8?

Embryonal stage.

During which stage do the trachea and major bronchi develop?

Embryonal stage.

What happens during the Pseudoglandular stage (Weeks 8-16)?

Conducting airways and glands develop.

In which stage does pulmonary surfactant first appear?

Canalicular stage.

At approximately what week does surfactant appear?

Week 20.

Which cells are responsible for surfactant production?

Type II alveolar cells.

Which stage is characterized by the formation of alveolar sacs?

Saccular stage.

When does the 'Alveolar stage' begin and end?

Begins at 32 weeks and ends at 8 years.

During which stage does gas exchange become possible for a premature infant?

Canalicular stage.

What happens to fetal lung fluid during the transition to extrauterine life?

It is absorbed into the bloodstream and cleared from the lungs.

Which law states that pressure and volume are inversely related?

Boyle's Law.

According to Boyle’s Law, as thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressure:

Decreases.

What is the formula for LaPlace’s Law?

P = 2T/r.

What is the primary role of surfactant regarding surface tension?

To lower surface tension.

Which law explains that gas dissolution is proportional to partial pressure?

Henry's Law.

The change in volume divided by the change in pressure is:

Compliance.

Which type of compliance is measured under 'no-flow' conditions?

Static compliance.

What is the primary difference between Static and Dynamic compliance?

Static compliance is measured with no airflow, while dynamic is measured with airflow.

Where is airway resistance (Raw) the highest?

In the smaller airways.

Where is airway resistance the lowest?

In the larger airways.

During quiet breathing, is expiration active or passive?

Passive.

What causes the 'passive' nature of quiet expiration?

Elastic recoil of the lungs.

During inspiration, does pleural pressure become more positive or negative?

Negative.

Gas flows into the lungs because alveolar pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure.

Lower.

Which muscle contracts and moves down during inspiration?

Diaphragm.

Which structure is the primary 'rhythm generator' for breathing?

Medulla.

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

In the medulla.

Central chemoreceptors respond directly to which ion?

H+.

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

In carotid and aortic bodies.

What is the primary stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors?

Low PaO2.

Peripheral chemoreceptors 'kick in' when PaO2 falls below:

60 mmHg.

Which chemoreceptor is primarily stimulated by elevated PaCO2?

Central chemoreceptors.

Which nerve center in the medulla sends inspiratory signals to the diaphragm?

DRG (Dorsal Respiratory Group).

The 'off-switch' center in the pons is the:

Pneumotaxic center.

Which center in the pons increases depth and inspiratory time?

Apneustic center.

What is the 'secondary stimulus' for breathing?

Arterial hypoxemia.

The Hering-Breuer reflex is triggered by what type of receptors?

Stretch receptors.

What is the purpose of the Hering-Breuer reflex?

To prevent over-inflation of the lungs.

Which receptors are triggered by dust, smoke, or cold air?

Irritant receptors.

Where are J-receptors located?

Near the capillaries in the alveolar walls.

What breathing pattern is caused by J-receptor stimulation?

Rapid, shallow breathing.

Proprioceptors in the joints stimulate breathing in response to:

Movement.

Which receptors monitor blood pressure, not gas levels?

Baroreceptors.

What happens if the CO2 'primary drive' fails in a COPD patient?

They may become hypercapnic and rely on hypoxic drive.

The VRG is primarily responsible for:

Forced breathing.

Which epithelium allows oxygen and CO2 to pass through easily?

Simple squamous epithelium.

Which cells produce mucus in the airways?

Goblet cells.

What is a key characteristic of 'pseudostratified' epithelium?

It appears layered but is actually a single layer of cells.

Which alveolar cells are responsible for diffusion?

Type I alveolar cells.

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

To clear mucus and debris from the airways.

What is the 'Anion Gap'?

It is a calculation used to identify the causes of metabolic acidosis.

List the accessory muscles used for inspiration.

Scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor.

List the accessory muscles used for active expiration.

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

What is the angle of the right mainstem bronchus from the carina?

25°.

What is the angle of the left mainstem bronchus?

40–60°.

Which lung segment is the 'superior lingula' part of?

Left lung.

If a patient is hypoventilating, will the A-a gradient be normal or widened?

Normal.

What is 'internal respiration'?

The exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues.

What is 'external respiration'?

The exchange of gases between the blood and the external environment.

Which generation is the terminal bronchiole?

Generation 16.