First Three Chapters - Biomedical

Utilitarianism

John Stuart Mill - the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people.

Kantianism

Immanuel Kant.

If your action became a rule for everyone, would the world still make sense?

Never treat a person merely as a means to an end

Not a tool

Intuitionism

W. D. Ross.
This view says we have moral intuitions (things are just obviously wrong or right)

Justice as Fairness

John Rawls.
Rawls argued that a just society is one that people would agree to behind a “veil of ignorance,” where no one knows their social position.

Natural Law Theory

moral laws come from human nature and reason. There is a “right way” for humans to live (a right way to life, survival, reproduction, and bad is murder, lying, etc)

Mill

disagrees with paternalism

Weak Paternalism

Protecting non-autonomous decisions (only if the person isn’t fully able to make a proper decision)

Strong Paternalism

Overriding autonomous choices (even if they have an understanding of whats happening no right to choice)

principle of liberty

John Stuart Mill - Freedom unless harming others

Gerald Dworkin

definitely supports weak paternalism, since it protects people when they aren’t fully informed or acting voluntarily.

He supports weak paternalism and allows limited strong paternalism.

Bernard Rabinowitz

takes a radical stand in favor of public health. He argues that HIV is the first legally protected epidemic in U.S. history.

Jessica Berg

generally supports strong patient confidentiality, but with limited exceptions when serious harm is likely (harmful to another) 

Tracing

Focuses on partner notification or contact tracing

Goal: inform at-risk partners without fully exposing the patient’s identity when possible