chem final

Acid chloride

O=Cl

Anyhydride

O=-O-=O

Ester

O=OCH3

Amide

O=NH2

carboxylic acid

O=OH

EAS Chlorination

Cl2/FeCl3 creates Cl+

EAS Bromination

Br2/FeBr3 creates Br+

EAS Iodination

I2/H2O or Cu2+ creates I+

How to create a minor product

Use the primary carbocation

How to create a major product

Use the secondary carbocation

How to make Benzene NO2

Use HNO3 on benzene

How to make NH2 from NO2

H3/PDo

How to make diazonium salt N=N+ and Cl- from NH2

Use HONO

How to get to iodine from Diazonium salt

Use K and I

How to get to C triple N from diazonium salt

Use Cu and C triple N

How to get OH from diazonium salt

Use H2O/H+

How to get bromine from Diazonium salt

Use Cu and Br

How to get Chlorine from Diazonium salt

Use Cu and Cl

How to get fluorine from Diazonium salt

Use HBF4

How to get Benzene from Diazonium salt

Use H3/PO2

What are the strong activators

NH2, OH, OCH3,NH=O

Weak activators

CH3,CH2CH3,

Weak Deactivators

F, CL,Br,I

strong deactivators

Anything with Double bond

Strongest activators

O- or NH2

Huckels rule for aromatic compounds

Cyclic

Planar

P-orbitals on every atom

Must have an odd number of electron pairs

4n+2

Is conjugated or isolated have more energy

Isolated has more energy making it less stable. Conjugation creates stability and less energy.

Grignard reactions what are the mechanisms and what do they create

They use Mg-Cl to create C-C bonds. Grignard will result in OH

What effects shielding

Nearby electro negative elements reduce shielding

What does the N+1 rule create

Triples, doublets, singlets etc

How do you know N is present in mass spec

An atom that has an odd MW

How do you know Cl is present in mass spec

If the M+2 peak is 1/3 as high

How do you know if Br is present in mass spec

An M+2 peak that is almost as high as M

How do you know if benzene is present in mass spec

M/z value of 77 or 91

What does the writings reaction use and create?

Uses PPh3+ and CH- to create C=C bonds, can E or Z configure after attachment

Strong nucleophiles

HO-,CH3-NH-,H-,H2C-PPh3

Weak nucleophiles

H2O, CH3-NH2

What are the parts of A=ExLxC

A-absorbance

E-morality absorbance

L-length of cell

C-concentration

Where is N-H and OH on spectrum

N-H low spike at 3300

OH Big blob at 3300

Where is C-H on spectrum

C-H at 3000 on left side is SP2

C-H at 3000 on right side is SP3

How do you know if there is C triple C

Or C triple N on spectrum

Low spike at 2250 for N

Low spike at 2200 for C

How do you know if C=O is present on spectrum

Low rounded peak at 1700

How do you know if C-O is present in spectrum

Spike peak at 1100-1200 in fingerprint region

What does it mean to be aromatic

Being a stable molecule that follows either the frost method or huckels rule