Current Issues in Biology- Exam 2

What is Homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain stability between interdependent elements and physiological processes in spite of changes.

Examples of Homeostasis:

Body Temperature

Hungry

Sleep

Thirst

Blood Pressure

How do body systems relate to homeostasis?

Our bodily systems work together to keep our bodies in homeostasis and allows our body to function properly.

What vital function are in the Circulatory System?

The Flow of Blood

Nutrients

Hormones

Oxygen

What is involved in the Digestive System?

A group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the body.

What is involved in the Endocrine System?

A collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, reproduction, and sleep.

What is the Integumentary System Comprised of?

The skin, hair, feathers, hooves, and fingernails, and provides protection from damage including water loss and infection.

What is the Lymphatic System responsible for?

Removal of interstitial fluids from tissues, absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats, and transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes into the bones.

What is involved in the Muscular System?

Comprised of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintain posture, and circulates blood through the body.

What is involved in the Urinary System?

Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Its purpose is to eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.

What is involved in the Respiratory System?

A series of organs responsible for taking oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Primary organ is the lungs.

What is involved in the Nervous System?

A complex collection of nerves and specialize cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body.

What is involved in the Skeletal System?

Vital functions that include support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage, and endocrine regulation.

What are Homologous Structures?

Structures that have the same evolutionary origin but different functions.

Example of Homologous Structures:

The wing of a bat and a human arm.

What are Analogous Structures?

Structures that have different evolutionary origin but have the same function.

Example of Analogous Structures:

The wing of a bat and the wing of an insect

What is microbiome?

The bacteria in your gut that helps with digestion.

What is Integumentary Exchange?

Breathing through the skin essentially.

What are vaccines?

A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or more several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.

What is Generational Amnesia?

Generations forgetting the harmfulness of certain phenomena because they happened so long ago.

What is Herd Immunity?

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination.

What are Congenital Diseases?

Diseases that are present from birth (genetic).

What are Acquired Diseases?

Diseases developed originating after birth.

What are Non-Communicable Diseases?

Diseases that cannot be transmitted or non-contagious.

What are Degenerative Diseases?

Diseases that cause deterioration of cells affecting tissues or organs.

What are Deficiency Diseases?

Diseases caused by the lack of some essential or important element in the diet.

What are Allergies?

Immune system reactions to foreign substances that typically doesn’t affect most people.

What is Cancer?

Abnormal cell growth with potential to spread to other parts of the body.

What are Non-Contagious Diseases?

Disease that is spread via non-human vectors and not transferable through human contact.

What are Contagious Diseases?

Infectious diseases that can be spread through human-to-human contact. This includes viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi.

What is included in the Epidemiologic Triangle?

Agent, Host, and Environment

What is a disease?

A condition of living animal or plant that impairs normal functioning.

What is an auto-immune disease?

It is where the body/immune system attacks itself and makes people vulnerable to more infections.

What are the two types of immunity?

Innate and Adaptive

What are some important aspects of Innate Immunity?

* Everyone is born with some immunity.
* It exists before an infection is contracted.
* It is the body’s first line of defense.
* It includes barriers on (Skin, Mucous Membranes) and in our body (macrophages, phagocytes)

How do Macrophages and Phagocytes protect against illness and disease?

These cells wrap themselves around a pathogen to dissolve and kill the pathogens.

How does the Mucous Membranes protect the body from illness and disease?

They catch germ particles to prevent them from entering the lungs.

How does Acquired Immunity Work?

It protects the body from pathogens throughout our lives.

Increased exposure to pathogens lead us to build up antibodies.

How do antibodies work?

They bind to receptor sites in the cells to prevent pathogens from binding to them.

What do B cells do?

They produce antibodies and alert T cells of pathogens.

What do T cells do?

They destroy compromised cells and alerts other leukocytes.

Where do Lymphocytes begin?

In bone marrow.

What are Antigens?

Any substance that can spark an immune response. This could be bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, etc.

What happens once a B lymphocyte detects antigens?

B cells secrete antibodies that can lock onto antigens.

What do Helper T cells do?

Coordinates the immune response.

What do Killer T Cells do?

* Attacks other cells, particularly useful for fighting viruses.
* They recognize small parts of the virus on outside of cells.
* They form memory T cells which are used to recognize antigens faster.

How do vaccinations help the immune system fight diseases?

* They introduce harmless or synthetic pathogens into the body
* They introduce antigens specific to pathogens to the body.

Why did experts suggest that we needed to “flatten the curve”during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

* To spread out the demand on the health care system
* Increase health care system capacity
* Develop new treatments
* Develop the vaccine.

What are some proponents of the Exponential Growth Model?

1. Ideal environment, unlimited resources
2. No competition to place limits on growth
3. Initial population growth is slow
4. Rate of growth increases with population.

What affects R0?

The infectious period, Mode of transmission, and Contact Rate.

The five important parts of the female reproductive system:

Cervix, Vagina, Ovary, Uterus, Oviduct

What is Follicle?

Fluid-filled sac that contains an immature egg, or oocyte.

Which hormones are in birth control?

estrogen and progesterone

What is Ovulation?

Dischar

What is Anovulation?

It is when ovaries do not rel

What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?

An hormonal disorder that can disrupt the menstrual cycle and may result in irregular ovulation.

Where does fertilization occur?

In the oviduct.