parasit final lectures- part 2

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown Dog Tick)

Ehrlichia canis: Transmitted by ________

Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star Tick)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii: Transmitted by _______

Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick), Amblyomma variegatum

Ehrlichia ruminantium (Heartwater): Transmitted by ________

Ixodes scapularis

Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Transmitted by _______

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Anaplasma platys: Transmitted by ________

Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog Tick)

Anaplasma marginale: _________ is a potential vector

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian longhorned tick)

Anaplasma, Babesia, and Borrelia spp. (general): _______ is a capable vector

Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Western Blacklegged Tick)

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease): Transmitted by ________

Ornithodoros spp.

Relapsing Fever Borrelia spp.: Transmitted by _______

Ixodes scapularis

Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia mayonii: Transmitted by ______

Amblyomma americanum

Borrelia lonestari: ________ is the suspected vector.

Dermacentor variabilis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever): Transmitted by ________

Amblyomma americanum

______ is another possible vector of rocky mountain spotted fever

Dermacentor variabilis

Rickettsia montanensis: Transmitted by ________

Amblyomma americanum

Candidatus Rickettsia amblyomatis: Transmitted by _______

Amblyomma maculatum

Rickettsia parkeri and Rickettsia andeanae: Transmitted by _________

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Babesia canis (B. canis vogeli): Transmitted by _______

Ixodes scapularis

Babesia microti: Transmitted by ______

Rhipicephalus annulatus and Rhipicephalus microplus.

Babesia spp. (Texas Cattle Fever): Transmitted by _________

Haemaphysalis longicornis

Theileria orientalis (Ikeda strain) and other Theileria spp.: Transmitted by ________

Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis

Cytauxzoon felis: Transmitted primarily by ___________, as well as _____________

Amblyomma maculatum

Hepatozoon americanum: Transmitted by __________

assays (ELISA and IFA)

how to test for tick-borne disease antibodies

blood smear and cytology

how to find tick-borne disease whole organism (very very hard to do, insensitive)

PCR

how to test for tick-borne disease DNA (very sensitive)

blood or serum

what do you need from your patient to test for antibodies of a tick borne disease

substrate with antigen

what is flat on the 4Dx strip that the antibody-antibody complex binds to (that will induce a color change)?

antigen

for giardia, are we looking for antigen or antibody?

detection threshold, 14, 30

as far as the immune response is concerned, the _______ of antigen is variable based on the pathogen, taking anywhere from # - # days

no. it takes at least 2 weeks to show up

RUN A 4DX TEST ON MY DOG I FOUND A TICK ON THEM YESTER DAY

cross reactive antibodies

a dog that has never gotten rickettsia rickettsi may test (+) for it because it's been exposed to a lot of lonestar. this is an example of _______

before

clinical disease may manifest _____ antibodies can be detected

current or prior infection

antibodies are evidence of ______ (does not mean it caused disease... the immune system merely recognized it and maybe even cleared it)

varies

how long do antibodies come up positive

dog, r sanguineus, dog

primary reservoir of ehrlichia canis, primary vector, and host in which disease develops

deer, a americanum, humans

primary reservoir of ehrlichia chaffeensis, primary vector, and host in which disease develops

deer and dogs, a americanum, humans and dogs

primary reservoir of ehrlichia ewingii, primary vector, and host in which disease develops

15

1 in _____ dogs test positive for antibodies to ehrlichia AND anaplasma

CANIS

which disease is more severe, ehrlichia canis or ewingii?

monocytes

ehrichia has a quick onset of disease, infecting _______

enlarged spleen or lymph nodes, bleeding disorders

clinical signs of ehlrichia canis

lonestar tick

ehrlichia ewingii is _____ transmitted and is actually what most dogs are testing antibody positive for!!

PCR

how to confirm that a positive test is actually ehrlichia canis

PCR, whole blood

_____ on _____ is the best way to dx acute infection of tick borne disease (on a dog with bleeding issues, bruising, joint/muscle pain)

CBC, low

if a seemingly normal dog comes up (+) for ehrlichia, run a ______. if they have ______ platelet counts, it could be a sign of acute infection

intracellular

doxycycline is great for our ______ bacteria things

quickly

dogs with ehrlichia tx'ed with doxy should get better ______

no

if the dog gets better before the 30 days is up, should they stop giving the doxy?

multiple

how many diseases can a tick transmit at once?

3 hours

how fast can r sanguineus transmit e canis?

12 hours

likely, how fast can r sanguineus transmit e chaffeensis and e ewingii?

intermittent feeding

reason disease transmission does not happen as frequently as it may seem

heartwater, cattle

ehrlichia ruminatum causes _____ in _____

africa and caribbean

geographic distribution of ehrlichia ruminatum

amblyomma maculatum

we worry about ehrlichia ruminatum because ________ is a competent vector!

fatal foreign

ehrlichia ruminatum is a ______ ______ animal disease of ruminants (high on radar)

fluid effusion

ehrlichia ruminatum causes alot of _______, hence "heartwater" disease

dog, r sanguineus, dog

primary reservoir of anaplasma platys, primary vector, and host in which disease develops

deer, i scapularis, humans, dogs, horses, and cats

primary reservoir of anaplasma phagocytophilum, primary vector, and host in which disease develops

no

can you differentiate between different spp of ehrlichia, anaplasma, etc. on the 4Dx test?

northeast

anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum (ixodes scapularis) is most common where geographically?

pacific coast

anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum (ixodes pacificus) is most common where geographically?

southern border (texas)

anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma platys (rhipicephalus sanguineus) is most common where geographically?

anaplasma phagocytophilum, ixodes scapularis

the biggest concern in TN is the movement of _______. by what tick?

neutrophils

anaplasma phagocytophilum infects ________

fever, shifting leg lameness, bleeding disorders

clinical signs of anaplasmosis (episodic because the organism amplifies and then hides)

CBC to look at platelets

healthy dog comes up positive for anaplasma. what should you do next? ______

PCR whole blood

a dog comes in with fever, shifting leg lameness, and bleeding disorder, you suspect anaplasma. what do you do to confirm?

treat for full 30 days

what's more important since anaplasma likes to hide and come back?

24 hours

how long does it take for a tick to transmit anaplasma phagocytophilum

anaplasma marginale

top big disease in managing pastured cattle

theileria orientalis

disease caused by anaplasma marginale is very similar to __________, so they have been combo'ed in PCR testing

dermacentor variabilis

_________ is not the predominant vector of anaplasma marginale, but it can be

biting flies and iatrogenic (reusing needles)

more common modes of transmission of anaplasma marginale

RBCS

anaplasma marginale infects _______

extravascular hemolysis

anaplasma marginal causes ______, which is more severe in older animals

75

anaplasma marginale can get endemic in a herd, where ____% have it! will result in some production losses (abortion here and there)

borrelia

_______ spp. are spirochete bacteria that infect a wide range of tissues

ixodes, human, dog, horse

borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by _____spp and causes clinical disease in ______

soft ticks

relapsing fever borrelia spp. are transmitted by ________ (ornithodoros spp.)

north, northeast

borrelia burgdorferi is primarily transmitted where geographically?

arthritis (sometimes), glomerulonephritis (proteinuria)

clinical disease of borrelia burgdorferi

no

does borrelia burgdorferi cause a bullseye rash in animals?

antigen/antibody complex deposition in the kidneys

how does borrelia burgdorferi cause glomerulonephritis, leading to proteinuria?

long term management

the glomerulonephritis caused by borrelia burgdorferi antigen/antibody complex recquires _______

unknown

does borrelia burgdorferi cause disease in cats?

horses, neurologic disease

clinical disease is poorly defined in _______, but arthritis and _______ have been reported

in-clinic antibody test

1st thing to look at to dx lyme disease

urine protein creatinine ratio

2nd thing to look at to dx lyme disease

proteinuria, antigen:antibody complexes

when looking at urine protein creatinine ratio for lyme, you're looking for ______ caused by _______

CBC, blood smear

______ is not helpful and you cant see them on _____ to dx lyme disease

connective tissue, joints

you cant see borrelia burgdorferi on blood smear because the spirochetes move through what?

active infection

quantitative titers (quant C6) can be used to determine ______ and help guide treatment plans

IFA and PCR

dx not to use for borrelia burgdorferi

lepto

borrelia spirochetes sometimes cross react with _____, which is why IFA is not recommended for lyme dx

humans

PCR to dx lyme could only possibly be picked up in _____ (acutely) because they get the bullseye rash

the bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi, immune

kidney damage from borrelia burgdorferi is NOT caused by ________ itself!!! its the ______ response!

risk-based

lyme is a ________ vaccine

before

lyme vaccine must be in place ______ the problem occurs!

year round

be an advocate for _____ tick prevention!