CBCE Study Guide

Process Addiction

A type of addiction where a person compulsively engages in a behavior or activity rather than a substance like drugs or alcohol.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Sternberg's theory that involves three types of reasoning processes: analytic, creative, and practical.

Analytic Intelligence

Involves executive processes such as analyzing, comparing, and evaluating.

Creative Intelligence

Involves creating and designing new ways of solving problems.

Practical Intelligence

Applying knowledge to everyday life and handling common tasks.

Career Adaptability

The readiness and resources to cope with changing work and career conditions.

Career Decision-Making

The process of choosing a career path based on personal interests, values, skills, and opportunities.

Visual Reasoning Test

A test that measures nonverbal problem-solving ability, often used in cognitive assessment.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test where clients tell stories about ambiguous images, revealing motivations and personality factors.

Frank Parsons

Credited with the development of career counseling.

Forming Stage

The initial stage of group development where members get to know each other.

Norming Stage

The stage where the group develops rules, norms, and cohesion.

Performing Stage

The stage where the group focuses on accomplishing goals.

Adjourning Stage

The final stage where the group ends or disbands.

Sensorimotor Period

Piaget's developmental stage from birth to 2 years, focusing on immediate physical environment.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's stage from 2 to 6 years, characterized by egocentric thought and animism.

Concrete Operational Period

Piaget's stage from 7 to 12 years, where logical operations are performed.

Formal Operational Period

Piaget's stage from 12 onwards, allowing for abstract thinking and hypothesis generation.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner's theory proposing seven distinct intelligences including linguistic, musical, and bodily-kinesthetic.

Spatial-Visual Intelligence

Ability to think in images and visualize abstractly.

Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence

Ability to use words effectively in writing and speech.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Ability to use logic and understand numerical patterns.

Existential Intelligence

Concern with deep life issues and questions.

Type I Error

A false positive in hypothesis testing where an effect is mistakenly identified.

Type II Error

A false negative in hypothesis testing where an effect is overlooked.

Fixed Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule where behavior is rewarded after a set period.

Variable Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule where behavior is rewarded at unpredictable times.

Qualitative Variables

Non-numeric variables used to classify data.

Phenomenology

Research method focusing on exploring and describing lived experiences.

Grounded Theory

A qualitative research method for generating theory from data.

Ethnography

Qualitative research studying cultures in their natural settings.

Dependent Variable

The outcome variable measured in an experiment.

Independent Variable

The variable manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Test-Retest Reliability

A method of assessing stability of test scores over time.

Validity

The accuracy of an assessment to measure what it is intended to measure.

Content Validity

Assesses whether the assessment covers all relevant aspects of the construct.

Construct Validity

Extent to which a test accurately measures a theoretical construct.

Sampling Error

The error resulting from the sample being unrepresentative of the population.

Measurement Error

The difference between observed scores and true scores due to factors affecting the measurement.

Multiple Regression

Statistical method examining how multiple independent variables predict a dependent variable.

Independent T-Test

Statistical test comparing means of two separate groups.

One-Way ANOVA

Statistical test comparing means of three or more groups.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing maladaptive thinking to improve emotions and behaviors.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges irrational beliefs.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

A program that emphasizes mindfulness practices to cope with stress.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Therapy that helps clients accept their emotions and commit to personal values.

Solution-Focused Therapy

Therapy that emphasizes finding solutions and building on existing strengths.

Narrative Therapy

Therapy focusing on rewriting one's life story to create more positive narratives.