General Biology; 4th Quarter (Test Paper)

(03/15/2026)

Gene

A unit of heredity passed from parents to offspring

Allele

Different forms of the same gene

Dominant

Trait that masks another trait

Recessive

Trait that is expressed when two recessive alleles are present

Genotype

Genetic Makeup (Letter combination)

Phenotype

Physical Appearance of a trait

Homozygous

Two Identical Alleles (AA or aa)

Heterozygous

Two different Alleles (Aa)

Punnett Square

Tool used to predict genetic outcomes

Law of Segregation

Each parent contributes one allele to offspring

Genetic Engineering

Branch of science that uses recombinant DNA techniques for practical purposes

Biotechnology

The use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problem.

Transformation

The insertion of a foreign DNA into a host cell

Transfection

The insertion of a foreign DNA into a host cell that is derived from an animal

Messenger RNA

It is a type of molecule of RNA that travels from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the information in the copy is used for a protein product

Ribosomal RNA

It provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acid and interacts with tRNA.

Transcription

It is the process of producing protein from DNA where in DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA

Translation

It is the final step in the synthesis of proteins where it converts information from the RNA into protein.

Erwin Chargaff

A biochemist, discovered that the number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA was present in equal quantities.

Nucleotides

DNA is composed of repeating units called ___________.