APUSH Unit 2 (1607-1754) Lecture Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the development of European empires, regional differences in British colonies, economic systems, and cultural movements from 1607 to 1754.

Encomienda system

A Spanish social and labor system designed to subjugate native populations into a massive cadre of slave labor for the purpose of extracting wealth.

Hacienda system

A coerced labor system that replaced the encomienda; it focused on agriculture where plantation owners owned the land and indigenous laborers were tied to it via debt repayment.

Syncretism

The blending of different beliefs and practices, such as when Pueblo people added Christian beliefs to their own traditional cultural customs.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

A violent rebellion in which Pueblo people killed hundreds of Spaniards and destroyed churches after Spanish priests tried to suppress and destroy their cultural traditions.

Casta system

A Spanish social hierarchy that ranked people based on the amount of white blood in their veins, with pure Spanish at the top and indigenous people and enslaved Africans at the bottom.

New Amsterdam

A significant Dutch trading port that attracted diverse merchants and is noted for having more than a dozen languages spoken in its streets.

Primogeniture laws

English laws that dictated only the oldest son could inherit the family's land, leading younger brothers to seek land in the New World.

John Ralph

The leader in the Jamestown colony who introduced tobacco planting, which led to the creation of immense wealth for the colony.

Puritans

A religious group that wanted to stay in England and purify the Church of England from within rather than separating from it.

Separatists

Also known as Pilgrims, these individuals believed the Church of England was so corrupt that they could only establish a pure church by separating from it entirely.

Enclosure movement

A movement in 17th-century England where wealthy landowners claimed public lands, making it difficult for poor farmers to graze livestock and survive.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement signed by the Pilgrims in 1620 to form a simple government that ruled by the will of the majority.

Middle Colonies

The region consisting of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, characterized by religious tolerance, ethnic diversity, and an export economy based on grain.

William Penn

A Quaker who established Pennsylvania as a refuge for religious dissenters, emphasizing democratic governance and fair treatment of indigenous people.

Virginia House of Burgesses

A representative government body in the Virginia colony, generally limited to landowning men.

Barbados Slave Code

A strict law originally passed in the British West Indies that stripped all rights from black workers and gave white planters complete power over them.

Triangular Trade

A transatlantic trade route involving the shipment of rum from New England to Africa, enslaved Africans to the West Indies via the Middle Passage, and sugar or molasses back to New England.

Mercantilism

A state-driven economic ideology that sought to maintain a favorable balance of trade by maximizing exports and minimizing imports to accumulate gold and silver.

Navigation Acts

British laws that forced colonial economies to serve Great Britain by restricting with whom the colonies could trade and stripping them of economic autonomy.

Salutary neglect

A period where British enforcement of trade laws was lax due to the distance across the ocean and constant wars with France.

Beaver Wars

17th-century conflicts between the Iroquois Confederacy (allied with the Dutch and British) and other indigenous groups (allied with the French) over fur-trapping territory.

Metacom's War

Also known as King Philip's War, a 1675-1678 conflict between New England settlers and a Wampanoag-led alliance that resulted in heavy casualties and dampened westward expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 uprising of landless farmers and former indentured servants in Virginia that hastened the shift from indentured servitude to African slavery.

Chattel slavery

A form of slavery where individuals are legally considered the property of their masters, similar to farm equipment.

Stono Rebellion

A 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina that led to the execution of more severe slave codes to prevent future revolts.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s characterized by emotionalism and individual spiritual experience, serving as the first mass movement to create a shared national identity.

Enlightenment

A European intellectual movement that emphasized rationality and natural rights, significantly influencing American political philosophy through writers like John Locke.

Anglicization

The process by which the American colonies gradually began to resemble English customs, culture, and social hierarchies.

Impressment

The act of forcing American colonists against their will to serve in the British Royal Navy.