miderm 2 forest resto

The primary limitation for tree seedlings growing in the understory of a forest canopy to take advantage the light from sunflecks is __________.

Short flecks have high energy but short duration, while long flecks have long duration but low energy

The red : far red ratio is an important attribute of light quality for tree seedlings in the forest understory because it strongly influences their ___________.

ATP Production

Phytochrome system

Which statement most correctly describes the influence of forest canopies on relative humidity?

Relative humidity tends to be higher under forest canopies because of lower air temperatures, lower wind movement, and the transpiring canopy

The methods generally used for site preparation around the world include which of the following? (Check all that apply)

Mechanical scarification

Crushing and Chopping

Herbicides

Prescribed burning

Mechanical cutting

Heavy brush rake

Deep fracturing of mineral soil with irregular mixing of mineral and organic fractions

Drum crusher

Chopping of vegetation & debris with minimal disturbance to mineral & soil fractions

Barrels and chains

Shallow mixing of mineral and organic soil fractions

Ripper

Subsoil fracturing to reduce compaction and break up hardpans

Mechanical site preparation controls subsequent plant colonization primarily by _________.

Manipulating the mineral and organic soil fractions in a way that is favorable to reproductive strategies of plant propagules that are on or near the site.

Manipulating the mineral and organic soil fractions in a way that is unfavorable to reproductive strategies of plant propagules that are on or near the site.

All of the above

Select the item that is an advantage of mechanical cutting for site preparation.

Provides quick site access for other treatments

Conducting prescribed burns in the right season and under optimal conditions can: (Check all that apply)

Promote regeneration of trees

Reduce intensity and frequency of future wildfires

Protect communities and firefighters

Improve wildlife habitat

Minimize spread of invasive species, insects, and disease

Reduce ladder fuels and debris from logging or thinning

Select the advantages for prescribed burning for site preparation. (Check all that apply)

Natural and essential part of many forest ecosystems

Increases the site access for tree planting

Removes slash and logging debris

Increases number, uniformity, and quality of tree planting spots

Creates mineral soil seedbed

Controls competing vegetation

Select the disadvantages for prescribed burning for site preparation. (Check all that apply)

Risk of escape

Heavily regulated

Potential for soil erosion

Smoke management guidelines highly restrictive in many places

Highly technical subject that requires lots of knowledge and experience

Expensive to manage properly

What is the primary mechanism of environmental degradation for most herbicides used in the forest?

Microbes

What is a pesticide?

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest

What is a pest?

Any organism harmful to humans or human concerns

What is an herbicide?

A chemical pesticide used for killing plants or severely interrupting their normal growth processes.

True or False: When someone says pesticides and herbicides, they have a clear understanding about the definition and use of these materials?

False

Which statement best describes a forest weed?

A plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, growing where it conflicts with human preferences, needs, or goals. A plant that is out of place.

Approximately how long have humans been using pesticides?

1200 BC

What kind of pesticide is used most in the US?

Herbicides and plant growth regulators

Where are herbicides used most often in the United States?

Agriculture

What herbicide formulation would you use to treat the bark of a tree or a plant species with a very thick leaf cuticle?

Ester

What are the four ways herbicides are generally classified?

Chemical structure, use, effect on plants, and toxicity

What 4 stages make up the mode-of-action for an herbicide?

Absorption, translocation, site-of-action, and mechanism-of-action.

True or False: The following four actions are needed for an herbicide to be effective: 1) Contact the plant surface, 2) remain on the plant surface long enough to be absorbed, 3) reach a cellular site and disrupt a life-supporting process or structure, and 4) degrade into non-toxic metabolites.

True

What are the two primary modes-of-entry by which herbicides are absorbed into plants?

Foliar and soil active

What is the primary barrier to herbicides being absorbed by leaves?

Cuticular wax

Pubescence

What is the primary barrier to herbicides being absorbed by roots?

Casparian strip

What is the term describing the movement of an herbicide from the point-of-entry to site-of-action in a plant?

Translocation

What vascular tissues are responsible for translocating herbicides in plants?

Phloem and xylem

What is the difference between a contact and systemic herbicide?

Herbicide is not translocated with a contact herbicide

Which plant tissue moves herbicides symplastically?

Phloem

Which herbicide used most frequently in forestry in the US?

Glyphosate

Which formulation of Garlon (triclopyr) is typically used for stem injection?

Garlon 3a (amine)

Which herbicide cannot be used for conifer release?

Picloram

Which herbicide product is soil active?

Hexazinone

What are the three mechanisms-of-action for herbicides commonly used in forestry?

Amino acid synthesis inhibitor, growth regulator, and photosynthetic inhibitor

How do the 7 elements of an herbicide prescription provide a high degree of control, flexibility, and specificity in managing forest vegetation?

By providing precise control over the type and rate of herbicide used, carrier and adjuvants used, phenological timing of application, and which plants are exposed.

How would you decide which herbicide product to use in a particular situation?

Read the label and refer to herbicide experts and publications in your region

What is an adjuvant?

Material added to spray mixture to enhance properties of spray mixture

What two measures can be used to set the application rate for an herbicide?

Lbs/A or Kg/ha of active ingredient and percentage of herbicide product in solution.

Why is season of timing important in herbicide application?

Because plant species vary in their susceptibility or tolerance to foliar treatments to herbicides based on phenological stage.

What two recent technological innovations help make aerial herbicide applications more accurate?

Satellite navigation and radial nozzles

How do ACCUFLO nozzles reduce drift from helicopters?

Precisely engineered tubes allow strong control and uniformity in size of droplets produced

To reduce drift from aerial herbicide treatments, applications should not be made above what windspeed?

> 5 MPH (> 8 kph)

Aerial herbicide applications should not be made below what relative humidity?

< 50%

True or False: Aircraft should release herbicides as high as possible above the ground for greater efficacy and to reduce drift.

False

When delivering cut-stump treatments, where on the stump should the herbicide be applied?

Phloem tissue on outer portion of stump

What US Legislative Act requires that all pesticides be registered by the EPA?

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

About how long does it take to develop a new pesticide product in the US?

7 to 10 years

Which information is NOT included on the front panel of a pesticide label?

Recommended use rate

Which items of personal protective gear should be used when handling herbicides?

Proper gloves, eyewear, clothing, and footwear

True or False: Herbicides currently registered for forestry use have been shown to have high mammalian toxicity.

False

True or False: Herbicides currently registered for forestry have been shown to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the environment.

False

True or False: Most herbicides currently registered for forestry have been shown to be highly mobile in most soils.

False

Research has indicated that the primary impact of herbicide use on forest wildlife comes from _________.

Habitat manipulation

Research has indicated that herbicide use can be beneficial for some species of forest wildlife by _________.

Maintaining early successional plant communities for longer periods of time

Select the reasons that artificial regeneration could be selected over natural regeneration in some circumstances? (select all that apply)

Higher regeneration success rate

To meet state legal reforestation requirements

Greater uniformity and structure in regenerating stand

Higher stand growth rates

Larger scale of operation

To meet sustainable forest certification requirements

Which reasons could make natural regeneration more attractive than artificial regeneration?(select all that apply)

Lower cost

Presence of well-distributed advance regeneration

Aesthetics

Wildlife habitat

Greater structural and compositional diversity

Which three forest regions in the US rely primarily on the use of natural regeneration? (select all that apply)

Intermountain West

Northeast and Lake States

Central Hardwood

Which three factors that make up the Natural Reproduction Triangle

Seedbed

Seed supply

Environment

Forest managers have _________ control over the three factors of the Natural Reproduction Triangle. Select answer that best completes the sentence.

Some

Which three factors that make up the natural regeneration process?

Seed production

Seed dispersal

Seedling establishment

What is the typical periodicity for seed production in conifers and hardwoods?

Conifers every 2-4 years; Hardwoods every 1-3 years.

Which is the least common seed dispersal mechanism used by forest trees?

Water

True or False: Forest trees flower every year.

False

Stump or root collar sprouts

Shoot

Bulbs

Root

Suckers

Root

Corms

Root

Offsets

Shoot

Runners

Shoot

Tubers

Root

Stem or branch sprouts

Shoot

Branch layering

Shoot

Rhizomes

Root

Fragmentation

Shoot

Seed Rain

Seed dispersed from sexually mature trees on the site or near the site.

Seed Bank

Seed that germinates from a soil seed bank.

Bud Bank

New plants arising vegetatively from above- or below-ground buds or other plant parts.

Advance Regeneration

Seedlings/saplings developed in the forest understory; are available to regenerate a stand

True or False: Bud banks operate on a 1 to several year time horizon while seed banks operate on a years to decades time horizon.

True

When forest disturbances are severe, which propagule source do plants tend to use the most for natural regeneration?

Seed

Picea, Spruce

Shade tolerant

Prunus, Cherry

Shade intolerant

Abies, Fir

Shade tolerant

Juniperus, Juniper

Shade intolerant

Juglans, walnut

Shade intolerant

Acer, maple

Shade tolerant

Tsuga, hemlock

Shade tolerant

Pinus, pine

Shade intolerant

Salix, willow

Shade intolerant

Poplus, poplar

Shade intolerant

Thuja, cedar

Shade tolerant

Betula, birch

Shade intolerant

True or False: Shade tolerant tree species require low light to grow best.

False

Shade tolerant tree species tend to have __________________ relative to shade intolerant species. (Select the option that correctly completes sentence.)

Horizontal leaves and thick leaves, cuticles, and palisade mesophylls.

Abies (fir), Acer (maple), Picea (spruce), Thuja (cedar), and Tsuga (hemlock) tend to be ___________. (Select the option that correctly completes sentence.)

Shade tolerant

Based on the penumbral effect, if a direct beam of solar radiation (sunfleck) is penetrating the upper forest canopy and hits the forest floor, the diameter of the canopy opening is less than ____ times the distance from the canopy opening to the forest floor.

Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

70