BIO 142 EXAM REVIEW 2: Cardiovascular/Respiratory System

The pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

send deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The aorta and systemic arteries

sends oxygenated blood to the tissues

When the ventricular walls contract,

the mitral and tricuspid valves close.

The thick membrane that surrounds the heart and protects it is the

fibrous pericardium.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

The inner lining of the heart is the

endocardium.

The right atrium receives blood directly from

the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that

1) is released from cardiac muscle cells of the atria.

2) is released in conditions of increased blood volume.

3) promotes loss of sodium and water in urine.

4) helps to lower blood volume and blood pressure

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve

bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

The pain of myocardial infarction comes from a blockage in an artery that supplies the C

heart.

Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched? B

Myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart

Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function?

Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the _____,and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _____.

right coronary artery; ischemia

Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described?

P wave-depolarization of atria

The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart

are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

sinoatrial node.

18. In an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by

C. depolarization of atrial muscle fibers.

19. In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

B. repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.

In an ECG pattern, the PQ or PR interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiacimpulse to travel from the

E. SA node through the AV node into the ventricles.

21. An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

B. bradycardia.

22. Which of the following will become the pacemaker for the heart if the SA node is damaged?

A. AV node

23. Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood?

D. Vein

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure

The mechanism that ensures the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers is ______ law of the heart.

B. Frank-Starling's

26. Plasma proteins, especially albumin, in capillaries help to

A. maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.

27. The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during

B. ventricular systole.

28. Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?

B. Contracting skeletal muscles

29. Factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include

A. emotional responses.

B. exercise

C. increase in body temperature.

D. epinephrine secretion

30. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by

A. causing vasoconstriction and increasing peripheral resistance.

31. Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?

B. Pulmonary artery

32. When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt?

C. Radial artery

33. In the arterial disease atherosclerosis

A. plaque accumulates on the interior walls of arteries.

B. blood flow through affected arteries slows.

C. risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases.

D. artery walls become hard

34. Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?

D. Increased blood flow to the digestive organs

35. Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

B. closure of the heart valves

36. Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?

A. Ventricles are in diastole.

37. Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.

A. a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

38. The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.

C. pump blood with greater pressure

39. If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.

B. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

40. A foramen ovale ________.

A. connects the two atria in the fetal heart

41. Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?

D. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

42. Select the correct statement about the heart valves.

D. The AV valves are supported by chordae tendinae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.

43. Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.

A. has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

44. During the period of ventricular filling ________.

B. blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles

45. Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

C. emotional state

46. Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

D. capillaries

47. Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

B. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

48. Which of the following is true about veins?

D. Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

49. Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

C. blood vessel diameter

50. Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.

D. urinary output

51. Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

A) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to an increase in blood pressure, due to theincreased delivery

52. Blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

D. vasodilation of arterioles

53. The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

B. changes in arterial pressure

54. Which one of the following events contribute to the production of the first heart sound?

D. closing of the atrioventricular valves

55. Small muscles attached to the chordae tendinae are called:

B. papillary muscles

56. The mitral valve prevents the flow of blood from the:

B. left ventricle into the left atrium.

57. The "SA Node" establishes the rate of the heart's contraction because

B. the SA Node sends out impulses faster than the AV Node

58. In a resting individual,

B. parasympathetic stimulation of the heart is dominant

59. Which one of the following listed does not increase heart rate and force of contraction of the heart?

D. acetylcholine

60. Ventricular systole or contraction is represented by the time on the EKG just after the

B. QRS Wave

61. During the period of the cardiac cycle that the ventricles are contracting, but all the heart valves are closed:

A. the pressure in the ventricles is rising.

62. In the cardiac cycle, the semilunar valves open when:

D. pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

63. The coronary sinus empties blood into the:

C. right atrium

64. The tissue that lines all the chambers of the heart is made up of:

A. simple squamous epithelium.

65. Regarding the speed at which impulses pass over the conduction system of the heart, it can be said that the slowest movement is at thecan be said that the slowest movement is at th

B. A-V node.

66. Systole is a term "usually" referring to:

E. contraction of the ventricles of the heart.

67. Define "heart rate"

D. the number of cardiac cycles per minute.

68. The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with every beat of the heart is called the

D. stroke volume

69. If the heart rate is 100 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 60 ml per beat, then the cardiac output is

C. 6000 ml or 6 L per minute

70. The following conditions decrease cardiac output except

A. pregnancy

71. List in correct order the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit starting at the aorta.

4. elastic arteries

7. muscular arteries

2. arterioles

3. capillaries

1. venules

5. medium veins

6. large veins

72. As blood travels from arteries to veins,

B. pressure drops.

73. Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased

D. parasympathetic stimulation..

74. In a normal healthy individual, venous return is ________ cardiac output.

C. equal to

75. Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance

A. increased sympathetic stimulation.

B. elevated levels of epinephrine.

D. irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques.

E. elevated hematocrit.

NOT VASODIALATION

76. Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output

A. increased venous return.

B. decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

C. increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

E. stimulation of the heart by epinephrine.

NOT hypothermia - lowered body temperature.

77. Stimulation of the carotid and aortic baroreceptors due to an increase in blood pressure reflexly results in

A. vasodilation of arterioles and decreased peripheral resistance.

C. increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

78. When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge, as happens in conditions of low blood pressure, there is a reflex

D. increase in both heart rate and stroke volume.

79. Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone renin. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits

E. both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in body content of sodium ion.

80. ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for

C. a serious hemorrhage.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

1. Respiration is

C. gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.

2. The events of respiration are

B. ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and cellular respiration.

3. The ultimate function of breathing is to

A. deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment

4. Which of the following bones does not house a sinus?

D. Zygomatic

5. Which of these laryngeal cartilages is single?

A. Cricoid

6. The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

B. tension on the vocal cord.

7. Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?

E. Cooling exhaled air.

THESE ARE THE FUNCTIONS:

A. Warming inspired air.

B. Moistening inspired air.

C. Entrapping small particles.

D. Entrapping dust.

8. The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the

A. force of air passing over the vocal cords.

9. Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may

B. obstruct the airway.

10. The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

A. warms incoming air.

B. moistens incoming air.

C. entraps dust

D. entraps other small particles.

11. The pharynx functions as a ______, whereas the larynx functions as a ______.

C. common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only

12. The trachea

A. is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane.

B. includes 20 C-shaped cartilage rings.

C. is a passageway for air.

D. is also called the windpipe.

13. As the respiratory tube branches become finer,

D. the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.

14. The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes.

A. superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior

15. The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the

D. atmospheric pressure.

16. The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

C. elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

17. The volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the

A. tidal volume.

18. Of the respiratory air volumes and capacities listed, which one has the largest amount?

C. Vital capacity

19. Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by

A. lack of surfactant.

20. The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by

C. a thin film of serous fluid.