Complete History Final Study Packet

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering major historical legal codes, ancient civilizations, the Middle Ages, the Age of Exploration, and Enlightenment philosophy.

Hammurabi's Code

One of the first written law codes created by King Hammurabi in Ancient Babylon around $1750\,BCE$, which was based on the principle of 'an eye for an eye'.

Ekklesia

An assembly of citizens in Ancient Greece that voted on laws and policies.

Boule

A council of $500$ citizens in Ancient Greece who were chosen by lottery.

Dikasteria

Jury courts in Ancient Greece that were responsible for deciding legal cases.

Patricians

The wealthy and powerful social class in Ancient Rome.

Plebeians

The common citizens of Ancient Rome.

Republic

A form of government in Rome where citizens elected their leaders.

Empire

A system of government in Rome ruled by a dominant emperor.

Twelve Tables

The first written Roman laws that protected property rights and established court procedures.

Charlemagne

An important leader during the Middle Ages.

Feudalism

A system during the Middle Ages where the king granted land to nobles in exchange for loyalty.

Black Death

A plague during the Middle Ages that killed millions of people.

Hundred Years' War

A conflict between England and France during the Middle Ages.

Magna Carta

A document that established the rule of law, meaning even rulers must obey the law, and promoted fairness and due process.

Gold, Glory, and God

The three primary motivations for European exploration during the Age of Exploration: wealth, empire-building, and spreading Christianity.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, goods, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

Maya

A Mesoamerican civilization known for their achievements in astronomy, calendars, mathematics, and the concept of zero.

Aztec

A Mesoamerican military empire with the capital city of Tenochtitlan that practiced human sacrifice.

Inca

A Mesoamerican civilization known for their road systems, engineering, and centralized government.

Enlightenment

A movement emphasizing that reason and logic should guide society and that natural law could be discovered through reason.

Natural rights

The Enlightenment concept, supported by John Locke, that all people have an inherent right to life, liberty, and property.

Social contract

The Enlightenment idea of an agreement between the government and its citizens.

Laissez-faire

An economic theory that supports free markets with minimal government interference.

John Locke

An Enlightenment philosopher who argued for natural rights and the principle that people may overthrow an unjust government.

Montesquieu

An Enlightenment philosopher who proposed the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny.

Rousseau

An Enlightenment thinker who supported direct democracy and believed government should follow the will of the people.

Voltaire

An Enlightenment philosopher who supported freedom of speech and religion while criticizing inequality and corruption.