GENE 3000 Final Exam Questions

The majority life on Earth is _____.

bacteria

True or False: Translation occurs in the nucleus.

False

True or False: Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

True

True or False: Selection acts on genotypic variation.

False

Ferns reproduce using ___

spores

True or False: Directional selection states allele frequencies will always go towards one allele becoming fixed.

True

Balancing selection states ____________ will become fixed.

Neither w11 or w22

Which is NOT an example of male to male competition?

Nuptual gifts

Correct answers: Physical Combat, Sperm competition, and Infanticide

True or Fasle: Hamilton's 2 fold rule states that the cost of receiving a dilute set of genes MUST be offset by the advantages of sex.

True

Which is NOT an advantage of sex?

polymorphism

Correct answers: DNA repair, Sex increases adaptive evolution, and Sex purges deleterious mutation.

Individual A benefits at the expense of individual B. In other words, individual A benefits and individual B loses. This is an example of which relationship?

selfishness

True or False: Genetic drift ALWAYS evolves adaptive traits.

False

True or False: Most mammals are able to consume lactose as adults.

False

True or False: A trait is adaptational for some function if it has become prevalent or maintained in the population because of natural selection for that function.

True

True or False: Most genetic mutations are benefical.

False

Which of the following are examples of methods to disentangle genetic and environmental differences in a population?

Common Garden Experiment and Reciprocal Translplant Experiment

Which of the following will dramatically reduce population size?

-Unequal numbers of males and females

-Variation in number of progeny produced by females, males or both

-Overlapping generations

-Fluctuations in population size

What does the sensory bias model hypothesize?

Females are attracted to males because they tap into a pre-existing preferance

Which of the following is true about sexual selection?

A.) Scientists believe that the primary mode of sexual selection arises from male-choice.

B.) Females are always the most invested in the care of their offspring

C.) Most sexual traits are limited to females

D.) More elaborate sexual phenotypes often help facilitate the survival of an individual where survival is not linked to reproductive success

E.) None of the above

E.) None of the above

True or False: Sperm competition is a type of postcopulatory sexual selection

True

True or False: Drift is negligible if selection on a locus is strong relative to the population size.

True

Which compound was found at the K-T boundary?

Iridium

In a situation of overdominance:

Heterozygotes have an advantage.

What aspect of RNA lead scientists to believe that early life was composed of RNA not DNA?

RNA has enzymatic activity

Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary misconception?

Evolution always provides species with the adaptations they need.

True statements:

-The first flower was complex, where evolution does not always go from simple to complex.

-Parasites kill their host because evolution does not always promote harmony.

-Bacteria are not a primitive form of life because there is no such thing as an evolutionary ladder.

-We can have back problems because evolution has not made living things perfectly adapted to their environment.

Which of the following is not an example of discrete variation?

hair length

True statements:

-ABO blood groups

-Having a free or attached earlobe

-Being male or female

-Ability to roll your tongue

True or False: Sheep can have either thick or thin wool. The sheep are equally susceptible to freezing conditions, no matter what type of wool they have. This trait must be an example of gene by environment interaction.

False

Salmon are pink due to carotenoids, a dye found in their food. Based on this information, is the coloration of salmon due to its genotype or the environment?

Solely by environment

Butterflies with sharper wings, compared to butterflies with flatter wings, survive better in a meadow. Eventually, the population began to consist of butterflies with very sharp wings. This is an example of:

directional selection

In a population of cats, female cats are shown to prefer males with a brighter orange coat. It is noted that they also prefer to eat bright orange fish. This is an example of:

sensory bias

For a specific trait where no genes mask each other, the Aa individual has an advantage over the AA and aa individuals. This is an example of:

overdominance

True or False: According to Hardy-Weinberg, we will never get change in allele frequency, and evolution will not occur as long as some assumptions are held true in a population.

False

Which of the following indicates an inbreeding population?

A population with many recessive alleles

True or False: In general, if both older and newer populations are of the same size, it is likely that older populations will hold less mutations with neutral alleles.

True

Which of the following statements does not describe genetic drift?

Promotes divergence of populations

True statements:

-Population is reduced due to geographic isolation

-Alleles become fixed

-Caused by founder events

-Removes variation within a population

Which of the following statements describes selection as an evolutionary force?

Can be overcome by drift within small populations

Variation is decreased by:

selection and drift

True or False: Individuals may differ in phenotype because of genetic differences (inherited), environmental differences (not inherited) or both (GxE)

True

Breeding value:

Is the value of individual judged by mean value of its offspring

True or False: Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection states that the rate of evolutionary change is directly proportional to the amount of additive genetic variation.

True

True or False: Selection coefficient is a measure of how strongly selection works with a particular genotype.

False

Wright's "adaptative landscape" plot is:

Population mean fitness vs allele frequency

In overdominance, _________ have advantage while in underdominance the ___________ have advantage

heterozygotes; homozygotes

True or False: There are only three mechanisms of gene duplication. The three mechanisms are transportation, unequal crossing over, and segmental duplication

False

True or False: The two phylogenetic groups that birds fall into are paleognaths and the neognaths

True

Selectional Differential is

The mean of the parents minus the mean of the population

True or False: The five basic evolutionary forces acting on all natural populations are Mutation, Selection, Migration, founder's effect, and genetic drift

False

The effective size of a population is the number of individuals in an ideal population in which the rate of genetic drift would be _________ the actual population

the same size as

The name of the faculty in GENE 3000 is:

Mauricio

True or False: The name of the faculty in GENE 3000 is Westpheling

False

The mutation that involves one nucleotide being moved from one chromosome to another is called:

Translocation

True or False: Natural selection is never random

True

True or False: Most mutations show a phenotypic effect immediately

false

Our best treatment for HIV currently consists of a set of drugs called the:

Triple cocktail

True or false: Angiosperms are flowering plants

True

Sexual selection is selection that arises from differences in:

reproductive success

true or false: Traits that reduce survival can still increase fitness

True

Fungi belong to all of the following groups except:

Angiosperms

Correct answers:

-Chytrids

-Ascomycetes

-Basidiomycetes

According to Ohta's "nearly-nuetral" theory, mutations are:

mostly neutral

The Cambrian explosion happened in the _____.

Paleozoic

True or false: It took at least 10 million years for the earth to recover from the permian extinction

true

true or false: The substitution rate is equal to the mutation rate in most populations

true

The difference between cladogenesis and anagenesis is:

Cladogenesis involes the splitting of lineages, whereas anagenesis deals with evolution within lineages.

true or false: Speciation is the process by which populations become distinct species.

true

A type of selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a non-extreme trait value is:

stablizing selection

true or false: the found effect is due to genetic drift

True

Why does selection generally act on individuals, not groups?

Organisms tend to do what benefits them the most.

True or false: Selection acts on groups not individuals

false

What is an act that is costly to perform and benefits another individual?

altruism

true or false: Altruism is never costly to the individual.

false

What is the physical expression of a gene?

phenotype

true or false: Darwin is considered to be the father of modern genetics.

false

What term describes the use of a biological structure or function for a purpose other than that for which it initially evolved?

exaptation

true or false: Heritability of a trait is the proportion of variation among individuals in a population that is due to genes

True

Which of the following reduces variation?

selection, drift, and mating systems

true or false: Protist do not form a natural taxonomic group

true

Which of the following are correct?

Mutation is an alteration of DNA sequence

Mutation is the raw material for evolution

Mutations are the ultimate source of heritable variation

All of the above

All of the above

true or false: Darwinian Evolution involves variation, heritability, and selection

true

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Hardy-Weinberg Law?

sexual selection

correct statements:

-large diploid population

-no gene flow

-no migration

-no mutations

true or false: Selection often actions to increase variation

false

Selection on the mean is what type of selection?

directional

true or false: Cnidarians include coral

true

Which of the following is NOT true of genetic drift?

ALL individuals contribute to every generation

correct statements:

-It acts more strongly in small populations

-It is a change in gene frequency due to chance fluctuations in a finite population

-drift in larger populations takes longer to reach fixation

true or false: Substitution is the elimination of a new mutation

false

What happens to a new gene duplication?

All of the above: Non-functionalization, Neo-functionalization, Sub-functionalization

true or false: With little or no mutation, drift eventually fixes alleles in a population

true

true or false: Spontaneous generation is the idea that complex life arises from nonliving matter

true

true or false: Natural selection does not act directly on genotypes

true

true or false: Proteins are NOT long strings of amino acids that are essential building blocks of life and serve many different functions within cells

false

true or false: A gene is NOT a sequence of DNA that specifies a functional product.

false

true or false: Natural selection, mutation, nonrandom mating, and migration can each drive changes in genotype frequencies in a population.

true

true or false: Sexual reproduction has no costs associated with it

false

true or false: Kinship, reciprocity, and group selection can lead to the evolution of cooperation

true

true or false: Disassortative mating, in which individuals mate with dissimilar individuals, increases the frequency of heterozygotes.

true

true or false: Genetic drift operates more strongly in smaller populations than in large populations.

true

true or false: Drift increases heterozygosity in a population while mutation reduces new variation.

false

true or false: Group living typically imposes costs in addition to providing benefits.

True

true or false: The position of Hox genes on a chromosome does not correspond to the position on the anterior-posterior axis of the body part that the Hox gene regulates.

false

true or false: The same genotype can have different phenotypes depending on the environment.

true

__ is required for evolution to occur

mutation

variation

heritability

all of the above

all of the above