Cell Structure & Function, Bio Membrane and Function

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell

Plasma Membrane

Selects which molecules enter the cell

Nucleus

Contains DNA, the blueprints for making necessary proteins

Nucleus

Controls all of the cell functions

Nucleolus

Contained within the Nucleus

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes

Lysosome

Digests excess or worn out organelles

Ribosomes

Round, non-membrane bound organelle, found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Ribosomes

Make proteins according to the instructions given by DNA

Rough ER

Series of highly folded membranes suspended in the cytoplasm. Attached to its outside are ribosomes

Rough ER

Provides a transport system between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Smooth ER

Series of highly folded membranes suspended in the cytoplasm. Nothing attached to its outside

Smooth ER

Produces and stores lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Flattened system of tubular membranes

Centriole

Small, cylindrical structures that contain microtubules

Centriole

Facilitates cell division

Mitochondria

Contain highly folded inner membrane, an outer membrane and matrix

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration - to convert glucose into usable energy

Chloroplast

Contain a plant cell's thylakoids, stroma and grana, and chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Traps energy from sunlight in leaves; site of photosynthesis

Vacuole

Membrane-bound spaces; sacs surrounded by a membrane

Vacuole

Stores food, water, and sometimes waste materials

Cell Wall

Firm structure in plants, located outside the plasma membrane, made of cellulose

Cell Wall

Protects and gives the plant cell its shape

Cytoplasm

Clear, gelatinous fluid inside the cell

Cytoplasm

Suspends the cell's organelles and is the site of many biochemical reactions

CO2, O2, majority of materials in cells

What is moved in diffusion?

Water

What is moved in osmosis?

Ions, and water

What is moved in facilitated diffusion

Na/K

What is moved in active transport?

With

Direction of movement (Concentration gradient): Diffusion

With

Direction of movement (Concentration gradient): Osmosis

With

Direction of movement (Concentration gradient): Facilitated Diffusion

Against

Direction of movement (Concentration gradient): Active Transport

No

Does diffusion need energy?

No

Does osmosis need energy?

No

Does facilitated diffusion need energy?

Yes

Does active transport need energy?

Reception, Transduction, Response

Signal transduction pathway has three main parts:

Signaling molecule

What is another name for a ligand

G-Protein Pathway

What is the most common cell signaling pathway used by cells?

Tyrosine-Kinase Pathway

What pathway is involved with growth/emergency repair, so it moves quite quickly

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrate polymer

Endocytosis

Method cells use to take in macromolecules

Glucose

Carbohydrate monomers

cholesterol

Large lipid

glycerol

Small lipid

Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport

Method cells use to take in monomers

Polypeptide

Protein polymer

Amino Acids

Protein Monomer

RNA, DNA

Nucleic Acid polymer

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Monomer

Osmosis/Facilitated Diffusion

Method cells use to take in water molecules

Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride

Ions needed by the cell

Active Transport, (because of charge)

Method cells use to take in small ions

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

Nonpolar gas molecules needed by the cell

Diffusion

Method cells use to take in gas molecules

Endocytosis

Active transport into cell

Exocytosis

Active transport out of cell

Glycolipid

Lipids with carbohydrate chains that serve as cell recognition markers

Glycoprotein

Proteins with carbohydrate chains that can serve as cell recognition markers and can help neighboring cells interact or stick to each other

Membrane Protein

Proteins that can send to nearby cells or receive signals from outside their cell. They can also serve as anchors for other proteins inside the cell

Transport/Channel Proteins

Proteins that help carry substances across the membrane or allow molecules to pass through a channel

Phospholipid

Lipids with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that form two layers in the membrane

Cholesterol

A hydrophobic lipid molecule that changes the fluidity of the membrane

Cytoskeleton Filaments

Long protein chains that help the cell hold its shape. Organelles and other large molecules can travel along these chains like super highways in the cell.

Integral

Middle/Inside

Peripheral

Side, Partially in bilayer

Surface

Resting on surface

The part inside

If a protein runs through the phospholipid bilayer completely, which part is hydrophobic?