PSQF:1075 Motivation Notes

motivation

what impels individuals to behave, think, and feel the way they do, especially regarding the activation and direction of their behavior

state motivation

a temporary situation

trait motivation

a long-term individual characteristic

intrinsic motivation

motivation associated with activities that are their own reward

• internal desire to be competent and to do something for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

the desire to accomplish something in order to obtain external rewards or to avoid external punishments

behaviorial theory of motivation

the belief that students are motivated primarily by a desire to gain reinforcers or avoid punishments

humanistic theory of motivation

emphasizes motivation as choice, self-determination, and striving for personal growth (self-actualization)

cognitive theory of motivation

people are motivated by acquiring understanding of external events; behavior is determined by thinking

social learning theory of motivation

combines behavioral and cognitive approaches; self-efficacy is key

expectancy x value theory of motivation

explains motivation by individuals expectation for success combined with their valuing the goal

teaching efficacy

a teacher’s belief that they can reach the most difficult students and help them learn

arousal

physical and psychological reactions causing a person to be alert attentive, and wide awake

deficiency needs

needs that once satisfied, the motivation for fulfilling them decreases

ex. physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem

growth/being needs

once needs are satisfied, motivation increases to seek further fulfillment

anxiety

a general feeling of uneasiness and tension

tobias theory

the debilitating effects of anxiety are due to attention diversion

• ex. spiraling self doubt

state anxiety

a transitory reaction to stressful situations

trait anxiety

a permanent aspect of personality

attribution theory

describes how individual explanations, justifications, and excuses influence motivation and behavior

locus

location of the cause, internal or external to the person

• “I didn’t try hard”

• “The teacher hates me”

stability

whether the cause stays the same or can change

• “I am just stupid”

• “I was too tired”

responsibility

whether or not the person can control the cause or not

• “I didn’t study enough”

• “I’ll never understand this”

task value

strength or motivation is realted to value of success

attainment value

concerned with doing well on the task to meet the need to be smart, liked, etc.

intrinsic/interest value

enjoyment obtained from the task is key

utility value

contribution of task to meeting goals (do this to get that)

cooperative goal structure

“I reach my goal only if you reach your goal”

competitive goal structure

“I reach my goal only if you fail to reach your goal”

individualistic goal structure

“Reaching my goal is independent of others”

hierarchy of needs

deficiency needs

1. physiological

2. safety

3. belongingness and love

4. esteem

growth needs

1. know and understand

2. aesthetic

3. self-actualization