Looking West(2)

Discovery of America

• 1492 - Christopher Columbus;

• 1496 - Henry VII sends John Cabot to explore the Americas

Piracy and plunder

• 1500s - English sailors such as Francis Drake and John Hawkins attacked Spanish ships loaded with gold, silver, sugar;

• State-supported piracy

Why was piracy important to England

• Made huge profits, funding further exploration;

• Helped build England's navy;

• Pirates became heroes in England, inspiring more overseas exploration

The development of the slave trade

• 1560 - John Hawkins kidnapped and bought enslaved Africans, transported them across the ocean and sold them in America

Why was the slave trade significant to England

• Britain profited massively;

• Helped fund ports, banks, factories;

,• Slavery led to the belief Europeans were better than Africans;

• Led to abolition in late 1700s

How many slaves were transported from Africa to America

12 to 15 million

How much money did the slave industry make Britain

60 million between 1761 and 1808 making Britain extremely wealthy

End of slavery

• 1807 - government banned slave trade;

• 1833 - government banned slave ownership

Significance of John Hawkins

• Founded the slave trade for Britain;

• Led to increase Anglo-Spanish tensions;

• Strengthened the royal navy - through innovations in ship building

Barbados

• Discovered by Courten in 1625;

• Initial workers were indentured servants, later replaced by slaves;

,• 1667 - 80% of Barbados was planted with sugar cane

Why did people want to migrate to North America

• Persecution - some religious groups felt persecuted in England;

• Money - lots of money to be made selling cash crops;

• War - to avoid war;

• Companies - such as the Plymouth Company made it easier to migrate

Walter Raleigh

• 1584 - led three expeditions to Roanoke but all failed;

• 1584 - another expedition landed in modern day North Carolina, which he named Virginia;

• Wrote a book on exploration to Guiana, fuelling more exploration;

• Failures in Roanoke taught valuable lessons to future colonists

Founding of Jamestown

• 1607 - James I chartered Virginia Company to establish a permanent colony in Jamestown

Problems in Jamestown

• Colonists in Jamestown initially worked well with the Powhatans;

• Traded metal for food, and set clear boundaries;

• Tensions rose when Captain Smith expanded territory for more food;

• Led to war between colonists and Powhatans;

• Ended with John Rolfe marrying Pocahontas, who became Christian

Significance of Jamestown

• Conflict with natives - set a pattern of warfare with indigenous people;

.• Model for future colonies - such as Plymouth in 1620;

• First enslaved Africans arrived on Jamestown colony in 1619;

• Start of American identity

Why did the Pilgrim Fathers want to go to America

• Persecuted for not recognising the CoE;

• 1620 - applied to set up a colony under Plymouth Company ;

•. Founded New Plymouth

Significance of the Pilgrim Fathers

• Became the first permanent American colony in 1620;

• 20k settlers between 1629 and 1640;

• Set up democratic principles and a constitution, foundation of American democracy

Causes of the American revolution

• 1756 - Seven Years War;

• 1765 - Stamp Act;

• 1770 - Boston Massacre;

• 1773 - Tea Act;

• 1776 - Thomas Paine and Common Sense

How did the Seven Years War lead to the American revolution

• Fought between Britain and France from 1756 to 1763;

•Britain imposed heavy taxes to pay for war;

• Colonists were angry because they were taxed without representation,;

• "No taxation without representation",

How did the Stamp Act lead to the American revolution

• 1765 - direct tax on printed materials;

• First internal tax - affected everyone and led to widespread protests;

• Taxed without representation in parliament.

How did the Boston Massacre lead to the American revolution

• 1770 - British soldiers fired on a mob, killing five colonists;

• Radicals used it as propaganda to rally for independence;

• Showed Britain as oppressors

How did the Tea Act lead to the American revolution

• Britain gave EIC a monopoly on tea;

• Seen as a sneaky tax, building distrust;

• Led to Boston Tea Party where colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into harbour;

• Led to Britain responding with another act, punishing all colonies and united them against Britain

How did Thomas Paine lead to the American revolution

• 1776 - wrote Common Sense;

• Written in plain language, convincing the monarchy was corrupt;

• Sold 500k copies, turning public opinion towards revolution

Start of the American revolution

• 1775 - Militiamen went to Bridge of Concord, where the British fired on them;

• This started the war

Why did Britain lose America

• Strong American leaders like Washington, Franklin led armies well;

• Britain struggled to fight a war so far away;

• France and Spain supported the colonists;

• War became unpopular in England due to high cost and lack of victories

What led to Huguenot migration to Britain

• Huguenots were French protestants so they were persecuted by French Catholics;

•They believed they were plotting rebellions

First wave of Huguenot migration to Britain

1562 to 1598;

• French wars of religion between Catholics and Protestants led to Huguenot persecutiomn;

• St Bartholomew's Day Massacre - 1572, thousands of Huguenots killed;

• Ended with the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which granted religious tolerance to Huguenots;

• Estimated 10-15k Huguenots migrated

Second wave of Huguenot migration to Britain

1680 to 1700s;

• Edict of Fontainebleau - 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes outlawing Protestantism in France;

• Around 40-50k migrated to England

What made it easy for Huguenots to migrate to England?

• James II removed from parliament and Britain was protestant;

• Huguenots were skilled craftsmen, in textiles, silk weaving, watch making, and banking;

• Earlier waves of Protestant migration set up communities;

• Britain was easy to reach from France;

• First governor of BoE was Huguenot

Highland clearances

1750 to 1860;

• Landlords in Highlands began evicting tenants and replacing them with sheep farming, which was more profitable;

• Around 150k farmers displaced, they emigrated to Britain and British colonies, such as America, Australia, and New Zealand

Causes of the Highland Clearances

• Sheep farming was more lucrative than tenants;

• Overpopulation in the Highlands;

• Incentivised migration to industrial cities due to jobs there;

• Accessibility - railways made it easier to travel

Impacts of the Highland Clearances

• Evicted tenants were in poverty;

• Emigration and depopulation of Highlands - tens of thousands;

• Highlands became dominated by sheep farming

Ulster Plantations

1609;

• England found it harder to control Catholic Ireland as they were protestant;

• England decided to colonise Ulster and set up plantations there;

• Around 80k Protestants settled in Ulster by 16.41

Impact of the Ulster Plantations

• Short term - economic development in Ulster, displacement of natives, protestant majority in Ulster’,

•Long term - led to Irish rebellions, conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the formation of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland

Causes of Ulster Plantations

• Consolidate English rule in Ireland ;

• Economic motives - profits for settlers through farming;

• Make Ireland Protestant to block Spanish Catholic influence.