VME 3001 The Dog Exam 1

Domestic dogs are part of what family?

Canidae

What was the species Prohesperocyon wilsoni known for?

Teeth that had the loss of the upper third molar, and an enlarged bony bulla

What three subfamilies did the Canidae family diverge into?

1. Hesperocyoninae

2. Borophaginae

3. Caninae

What were some characteristics of the Hesperocyoninae subfamily?

- endemic to NA

- extinct

- earliest/most primitive of the Canidae

What were some characteristics of the Borophaginae subfamily?

- small omnivores and powerful bear-sized carnivores

What were some characteristics of the Caninae subfamily?

- only living subfamily

- lineage that led to current day canids

Do canids exist on all seven continents?

No; do not occur on Antartica

What was the original classification of the domestic dog in 1758 by Carolus Linneaus?

Canis familiaris/Canis familiarus domesticus

What is the new classification of the domestic dog as of 1993?

Canis lupis familiaris/Canis familiaris

When did domestication of dogs from wolves occur?

~30,000 years ago

What do Paleolithic dogs most resemble?

siberian huskies in appearance, shepherd dogs in size

How did domestication occur?

series of events; hunters could've killed a female wolf and brought home her pups, or a small founder group of timid wwolves may have been pulled toward nomadic encampments to scavenge kills

What is natural selection?

The best adapted individuals survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation; causes changes in allele frequencies of a population

What is genetic drift?

Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool, usually of small populations

What are alleles?

Different forms of a gene

What were the different uses of dogs?

- tracking

- hunting and trnasport of game

- possibly kept for their fur or meat

- kept as pets

- used with ritual connotation

What breeds are the oldest groups of dogs?

Asian and African (Akita and Basenji) show the greatest genetic variability and most similar to wolf ancestors

When did the first evidence of a dog breed appear?

5,000ya, artwork by ancient Egyptians

Which breed is one of the oldest known breeds?

The Saluki; used for hunting, bred for the desert, used by Bedouin tribes; uniquely flexible spines similar to a cheetah, long stride and heart 1/3 larger than other dogs

What is unique about the Pekingnese?

First recorded dog to be kept in China in the Imperial Court; referred to as the Lion Dog, one of the earliest breeds that has a written standard for what it should (not) look like

What event started the explosion of dog breeds?

Industrial revolution; upsurge in middle class, more people with more money/time, 40 breeds of working dogs became 400 dogs, mostly for household use

What are tandem repeats?

Short lengths of DNA that are repeated multiple times within a gene; reason why there are so many breeds over such a short period of time

How many deaths is cancer responsible for in dogs 10 y and up?

Half of the deaths

How does breed affect cancer?

Certain breeds develop certain cancers; goldens and boxers get lymphoma and giant breeds develop osteosarcoma

How does age affect cancer?

Cancer rates increase with age, specific peaks in incidence with age (osteosarcome peaks 18-24 mo and 6-8 years)

How does gender affect cancer?

Perianal gland tumors occur more in male dogs

How does environment affect cancer?

Urban areas lead to more tonsillar carcinoma, owners smoke leads to bladder cancer (TTC)

What is cancer?

Uncontrolled growth

What is metastasis?

Spread and establishment of cancer cells to distant areas

What are the first three things that you should always do in an oncologic work-up?

- bloodwork (CBC, Chem)

- U/A, Urine culture

- Rads, U/S

What other things should you do in an oncologic work-up?

- aspiration cytology (FNAs)

- Biopsy

- CT, MRI

- Bone scan, bone marrow aspirate

What are the two types of chemotherapy drugs?

Antimetabolites (stops cell cycle) and alkylating agents (not cell cycle specific)

What are the classifications of tumor sensitivities?

- highly sensitive (seminoma, lymphoma, perianal tumors, TVT)

- sensitive (nasal tumors, pituitary tumors, mast cell tumors)

- moderately sensitive (soft tissue sarcomas, mammary gland tumors)

- resistant (oral cavity tumors, primary bone tumors)

What are some treatment options?

- amputation

- diet change

- supplementation

- empirical treatment

- palliative treatment

What are the stages of lymphoma?

1 - single node

2 - multiple nodes, one side of diaphragm

3 - generalized l. n. movement

4 - 1 through 3 and liver and/or spleen

5 - 1 through 4 with bone marrow

What are the substages of lymphoma?

a - no signs of systemic illness

b - signs of systemic illness

What are the two types of lymphoma?

B Cell (bone marrow, best) and T Cell (thymus lymphoid cell, terrible)

What is the survival range for lymphoma?

2 months - 3 years, depends on stage, hypercalcemia, and strength of chemo

What are the characteristics of multiple myeloma?

Plasma cell tumor that is systemic

- proteinuria (proteins in urine)

- bone marrow infiltration of neoplastic plasma cells

- paraproteinuria/ monoclonal gammopathy

- lytic bone lesions

(need 2/4 to diagnose)

What is the survival of multiple myeloma?

18 months, worse if extensively systemic

What is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

Mature lymphocytes infiltrate the bone marrow, associated with lymphocytosis (excess lymph cells in blood)

How do you treat CLL?

Chemotherapy (Leukeran)

Who is prone to CLL?

Older animals, more common in females

Does CLL itself result in death?

No, infection causes mortality

What is acute lymphoblastic lukemia (ALL)?

Immature lymphoblasts infiltrate the bone marrow, associated with anemia or thrombocytopenia

Who is prone to ALL?

Younger animals (12-18 mo), labradors

Does ALL itself result in death?

No, anemia or infection

What is the treatment/survival for ALL?

Tx: Chemo, survival extremely low (21 days)

Are mammary tumors common?

Yes, 42% of tumors in bitches

Are mammary tumors more common in intact or spayed females?

More common in intact; longer the dog is intact, higher the risk of developing a tumor

What are the multiple types of mammary tumors?

- epithelial

- mesenchymal

- mast cell, lymphoma

What is the treatment for mammary tumors?

Surgery, remove as much of the tissue as possible

Who is prone to developing mast cell tumors?

Older dogs; bostons, boxers, bulldogs

What are the two types of mast cell tumors?

dermal - small, nodular, well defined

subq - larger, gelatinous

What is the treatment for mast cell tumors?

Tx: surgery, radiation, chemo, antihistamines (tumors are active, release heparin, histamines, and enzymes)

What is the survival of a mast cell tumor?

Relative to grading and treatment, can be multiple years (1500 days ~ 4-5 years)

What is osteosarcoma (OSA)?

Most common primary bone tumor

Who does OSA primarily affect?

Middle aged or very young dogs, and large breed dogs in the limbs, small breed dogs in the axial skeleton

What is the treatment/survival for OSA?

Tx: amputation, radiation, chemo

Survival: spreads quick, can kill in a year if not caught and longer survival if treatment plan is the combined three

What is hemangiosarcoma?

Arises from vascular endothelium and then mets to entire body, most common in the spleen, right atria, skin, and kidney

What is the treatment for hemangiosarcoma?

Tx: surgery (spleenectomy), chemo

Who does hemangiosarcoma affect?

Older dogs, primarily GSDs

What is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)?

- most common bladder cancer

Who does TCC affect?

Older dogs, females

What is a common issue with diagnosis of TCC?

- mimics cystitis, diagnosed after UTI and conservative treatment doesn't work

- must use U/S; cystocentesis will further transplant the tumor cells

What is the treatment for TCC?

Tx: surgery (resect), chemo, radiation (results in a fibrotic bladder- further bladder issues)

What are some common benign tumors?

- lipomas

- trichoepitheliomas

What are lipomas?

- arise from adipose tissue

- soft, discrete nodular masses, most are freely movable

What dogs are lipomas most common in?

- older, obese females

- trunk and front limbs

- dobermans, labs, schnauzers, mixed breeds

What are treatment options for lipomas?

- excison, although benign and won't usually excise unless mobility issues

What are trichoepitheliomas?

Cystic hair follicle neoplasms

- in the skin and subq, cystic

What dogs often get trichoepitheliomas?

Late to middle aged BAssets, Mastiffs, Setters, Poodles, Springers, Goldens

What is the most common issue with trichoepitheliomas?

Self trauma, dogs with scratch at them and cause cuts, thus infections

What is the treatment option for trichoepitheliomas?

Excision; animals prone to develop additional lesions at other sites, sometimes not worth trying to cure

What is a kennel club?

An organization for canine affairs that concerns itself with the breeding, showing, and promotion of more than one breed of dog

When was the first kennel club formed and what is it known for?

1873; Kennel CLub, in England (London)

- known for Crufts Dog Conformation Show

What are the three responsibilities of kennel clubs?

1. Maintain breed standards

2. Record pedigrees for dogs

3. Issue the rules for conformation dog shows and accreditation for judges

What is a registry?

List of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents

What are the three oldest and most recognized purebred dog clubs in NA?

- AKC (American Kennel Club)

- CKC (Canadian Kennel Club)

- UKC (United Kennel Club)

Why did many kennel clubs form after 2000?

- AKC required DNA profiling on parents to gain more data and better regulate the breeds, many people decided to form clubs of their own to avoid this requirement

- requirement cost money, and some breederes also don't like to have their kennels inspected

What is the AKC?

- American Kennel Club

- founded in 1884

- largest purebred dog registry in the world

- 5k licensed and member clubs and affiliations

What are the functions of the AKC?

- providing a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the US

- promoting and sanctioning events for purebreds (Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, NAtional Dog Show, AKC/Eukanuba National Championship)

Is the AKC apart of the World Canine Organization (WCO)?

No

What must be true for a purebred dog to be registered with the AKC?

- parents must be registered as the same breed

- litter in which the dog is born must also be registered

- if one of these is not done, the AKC must complete special registry research

What do the Purebred Alternative Listing (PAL) and the Indefinite Listing Privilege (ILP) programs provide?

Provides purebred dogs that were not registered a chance to register alternatively

What types of dogs are purebred but unregistered?

Adopted shelter dogs/rescue dogs, where the status of parents is unknown

Can PAL/ILP dogs compete in all competitions?

No, can only compete in companion and performance activities (NOT conformation)

What are the eight dog groups currently recognized by the AKC?

1. sporting

2. hound

3. working

4. terrier

5. toy

6. non-sporting

7. herding

8. miscellaneous

What are the general characteristics of the sporting group?

- naturally active and alert

- bred to help hunters find, flush, and/or retrieve game

- instincts in water/woods

This breed is gentle by nature, loyal, and active. It has a golden coat that is water repellent with a dense undercoat. It is also prone to hip dysplasia and congenital eye defects.

Golden retriever

What are three breeds in the sporting group?

Golden retrievers, lab retrievers, and irish setters

Originally from Newfoundland, this breed has a short, hard, water resistant double coat, and comes in solid black, yellow, and chocolate brown. They also have webbed feet and a strong tail to help with swimming, are loving and patient, and generally healthy and robust.

Labrador retriever

This breed has a distinctive, red silky feathered coat, and are slightly longer than they are tall. They have high energy and stamina and are very active, but loyal family dogs. They can be prone to hip dysplasia, osteosarcoma, and epilepsy.

Irish setter

What are the general characteristics of the hound group?

- ancestors used for hunting

- dogs that seek/follow prey by sight/scent

What are three breeds in the hound group?

Beagle, Dachshund, and Irish wolfhound

This breed was popular in the 1500s to hunt small game, like rabbits. It's name refers to the sound of its baying voice. The breed is squarely built, with wide drop ears and two color variations (tricolor or red/white). They are friendly but sensitive dogs, and make poor guard dogs but except watch dogs. They are prone to deafness, hypothyroidism, and hip dysplasia.

Beagle

Originating from Germany, this breed was originally used to fight and hunt badgers. They sit low to the ground, come in two sizes (standard and mini), and can have three different coat types (smooth short coat, long coat, and the wire coat) in a vareity of colors. They are typically strong-willed and stubborn, and are knwon to have spinal problems like IVDD, which is worsened by obesity.

Daschund

This breed dates back to 391 AD, and was often used as royal gifts. They are large, muscular and greyhound-like in shape, making them the tallest of the dogs and great runners. They come in a variety of colors, such as gray, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn, and more. They are fairly independent dogs, and have a high chase instinct, and have relatively short lifespans as most large dog breeds, due to dilated cardiomyopathy and bone cancer most commonly.

Irish wolfhound

What are the general characteristics of the working group?

- bred to work with people

- pull sleds and carts, guard property, police, and perform water rescues

What are three breeds in the working group?

Cane corso, Rottweiler, Siberian husky