UCONN US History Final

Trusts

Large business combinations that reduced competition by controlling industries

Vertical Integration

Company controls all stages of production and distribution

Horizontal Expansion

Growth by merging with or eliminating competitors

Robber Barons

Industrial leaders accused of unethical business practices

The Gilded Age

Late 1800s era of industrial growth, corruption, and inequality

Social Darwinism

Belief that success comes through competition and survival of the fittest

Great Railroad Strike

1877 strike protesting wage cuts

Knights of Labor

Union open to skilled and unskilled workers

American Federation of Labor

Union focused on skilled workers' wages and conditions

Single Tax

Henry George's proposal to tax land values

Social Gospel

Movement applying Christian ethics to social problems

Haymarket Affair

Labor protest that turned violent after a bombing

Bonanza Farms

Large mechanized commercial farms

Battle of Little Bighorn

Native victory over Custer's forces in 1876

Dawes Act

Law dividing tribal lands to encourage assimilation

Ghost Dance

Native spiritual movement promising renewal

Wounded Knee Massacre

1890 killing of Lakota by U.S. troops

Gold Standard

Currency system backed by gold

Civil Service Act

Pendleton Act creating merit-based government jobs

Interstate Commerce Act

First federal regulation of railroads

Sherman Antitrust Act

Law aimed at breaking up monopolies

The Populist Party

Party representing farmers and laborers

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law banning most Chinese immigration

New Immigrants

Immigrants mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe

William Seward

Secretary of State who purchased Alaska

Alaska

Territory purchased from Russia in 1867

Hawaii

Annexed by the United States in 1898

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Advocated strong naval power

Spanish-American War

1898 war that expanded U.S. influence overseas

Cuba

Island whose independence struggle helped spark the war

USS Maine

Ship explosion that increased support for war

Jingoism

Aggressive nationalism favoring war

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news reporting

William Randolph Hearst

Newspaper publisher associated with yellow journalism

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher and media rival of Hearst

Philippines

Territory acquired after the Spanish-American War

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader

Theodore Roosevelt

President known for trust-busting and conservation

Platt Amendment

Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba

Insular Cases

Ruled constitutional rights did not fully apply in territories

Spheres of Influence

Areas of special economic control in China

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy supporting equal trade in China

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese uprising against foreign influence

Panama Canal

Waterway linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Roosevelt Corollary

Expanded Monroe Doctrine to justify intervention

Great White Fleet

U.S. battleships sent around the world

William Howard Taft

President associated with Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy

Using investments to increase U.S. influence

Woodrow Wilson

President during WWI

New Freedom

Wilson's reform program

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy promoting democracy

Mexican Civil War

Conflict affecting U.S.-Mexico relations

Neutrality

Policy of staying out of war

Submarine Warfare

German use of submarines against shipping

Lusitania

British ship sunk by Germany

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, and later the U.S.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Propaganda

Information used to influence public opinion

Zimmermann Telegram

German proposal for Mexico to ally against the U.S.

Mobilization

Process of preparing for war

George Creel’s Committee on Public Information

Agency promoting support for WWI

War Agencies

Government organizations managing wartime production

Espionage Act

Law restricting interference with war efforts

Sedition Act

Law restricting criticism of the government during WWI

Schenck v. U.S.

Supreme Court case limiting speech during wartime

Selective Service Act

Created the military draft

Russian Revolution – Bolsheviks

Communist revolution led by Lenin

Fourteen Points

Wilson's peace plan

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty ending WWI

Big Four

Leaders at the Paris Peace Conference

League of Nations

International peacekeeping organization proposed after WWI

Henry Cabot Lodge

Senator who opposed the treaty without changes

Reservationists

Senators wanting changes to the treaty

Irreconcilables

Senators completely opposing the treaty

Red Scare

Fear of communism in the U.S.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption and social problems

Lincoln Steffens

Exposed political corruption

Ida Tarbell

Exposed Standard Oil practices

Jacob Riis

Documented urban poverty

Upton Sinclair

Exposed meatpacking conditions in The Jungle

Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor's efficiency system

Socialist Party

Party advocating greater economic equality

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical labor union

Pragmatism

Philosophy focused on practical solutions

Jane Addams and Hull House

Settlement house serving immigrants and the poor

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Disaster leading to workplace reforms

Anthracite Coal Miner’s Strike

1902 strike settled with federal mediation

Trust Busting

Government action against monopolies

The Election of 1912

Election featuring Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs

The New Freedom

Wilson's progressive reform agenda

The Progressive Party

Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party

Carrie Chapman Catt

Suffrage leader

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Alice Paul

Militant suffrage activist

National Women’s Party

Organization advocating women's voting rights

Flappers

Young women challenging traditional norms in the 1920s

Harlem Renaissance

African American cultural movement

Scopes Trial

Trial over teaching evolution

Speculation

Buying assets hoping prices rise

On-Margin

Buying stocks with borrowed money