Science Missed Q Terms

What are the role of chaperones

Aid in protein folding by binding to the amino acid chain

Which of these is in mature mRNA: Promoter or nuclear localization sequence

Promoter is NOT in the mature mRNA whereas localization sequences are

Compare the cortex and medulla of the kidney in terms of filtrate concentration

The medulla (lowest part) is more concentrated that the cortex (higher part-diluting)

What two regions do transcription factors bind to?

Promoter region (within 25 bp of transcription start) and enhance regions (greater than 25 bp from start)

What type of lipid are lipid rafts dense in?

Cholesterol

What are obligate parasites

Parasites that require a host to replicate (viruses, virions, etc)

How is ACTH regulated

ACTH is secreted by the anterior pituitary which acts on the adrenal cortex stimulating release of cortisol. Cortisol provides negative feedback inhibition of ACTH

What molecules elute first in gas liquid chromatography

The least polar and most volatile compounds

How does dilution impact ionization?

It increases ionization as the products are diluted to a greater degree —> This does NOT affect pH

What is the standard atmospheric pressure in terms of mmHg

760 mmHg

What is emitted by Beta+ and Beta- decay

Beta+ decay emits a positron whereas Beta- decay emits an electron

What is the equation for Kcat and what does it mean?

Kcat is the max turnover rate of an enzyme of the maximum rate in which each enzyme can convert substrate to product

Kcat=Vmax/[E]

Absorption of a photon causes

Excitement of electrons, however does not guarantee ejection

How doe column chromatography separate

Polarity

What amino acids mimic the effects of phosphorylation

Aspartate (D) and Glutamate (E)

Which complementary nucleotide pair has increased pi stacking

GC

Complex ions contain what types of bonds

Coordinate covalent

What is the coordination number of a complex ion

The number of ligands attatched to the ion

What is the difference in calculating change in enthalpy using heat of formation v. heat of dissociation

Heat of formation: prod - react

Heat of dissociation : react- prod

bonds broke- bonds formed

which lenses have negative focal lengths and which have positive

Negative: Diverging

Positive: converging

What is ubiquitination

Proteins are marked for destruction by proteasome and are digested back into amino acids

Where does blood from small intestine containing absorbed nutrients immediately go

Liver via the hepatic portal

Where does sperm become capable of fertilization

Epididymis

What kind of bonds do dehydration reactions make

Pi bonds

What is boiling point used as a measure of vs heat of combustion

Boiling point is used as a measure of the intermolecular forces of a compound

Heat of combustion is used as a measure of the thermodynamic stability of a compound

What is Amu

Atomic mass unit

e.g. H=1, C=12, O=18

What are the conditions required for Michaelis Menten analysis of enxymes

1) Steady state conditions (rate of product formation is constant)

2) Substrate if flooded relative to enzyme

3) Reaction is irreversible

4) Conditions that could alter rate are held constant (pH, temp, etc.)

What type of ring does hemoglobin have

Porphyrin (5 member ring with N heteroatom and pi bond between C2-C3)

What is the fundamental property of a wave and does not change between mediums

Frequency

What equation could be used for measuring the height of liquid in a stopcock open to the atmosphere

P=(pressure)gh

What type of enzymes are proteases

Hydrolase

What is a key feature of cells undergoing apoptosis

Growth arrest

What residues are acetylated to make euchromatin

Lysine

Where do restriction enzymes cut

4 or 6 base pair palindromes

What is an imprinted gene

An imprinted gene is when an individual inherits and allele from both parents but one of the alleles is strongly methylated thus the only allele expressed is the one that was not methylated. This in turn means the individuals expression is determined by one parent

What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Oteoblasts BUILD bone thus reducing blood calcium

Osteoclasts CRACK bone (break down) increasing blood calcium

Describe miRNAs and siRNAs

miRNAs are produced inside the cell and inhibit translation or promote mRNA degradation

siRNAs come from outside the cell and are involved in mRNA degradation

Describe RT-PCR

Utilizes reverse transcriptase to convert mRNA to DNA for measurement of mRNA levels (transcriptional regulation)

Utilized because mRNA is extremely unstable relative to DNA

What is a test cross?

Crossing a dominant phenotype with a recessive phenotype to determine genotype of dominant —> If some kin are recessive then dominant individual must have been heterozygous

What is radius of curvature

The radius of a partial circle if it were to be a completed circle

What is the capacity of a buffer

+- 1 pH