ATKR Beg-Int 2 Grammar

~에 가다/오다

Directional location particle ("going to" or "coming to" a place)

~에 있다 / 없다

Locative particle expressing existence ("to be at" / "to not be at" a place)

위, 아래, 앞, 뒤, 옆, 안

Spatial location nouns (above, below, front, back, beside, inside)

안 ~ / ~지 않다

Simple negative expressions ("not")

~고 싶다

Expressing the speaker's desire or wish ("want to do something")

~(으)러 가다/오다

Expressing purpose ("going/coming in order to do something")

~고

Connective ending meaning "and" for linking actions or states sequentially

~(으)세요

Polite requests or commands ("Please do X")

~(으)ㄹ까요?

Making a suggestion or asking for an opinion ("Shall we…?" or "Do you think…?")

~지 마세요

Polite negative commands ("Please do not do X")

~에게 / ~한테 / ~께

Dative particles meaning "to someone" (~께 is the honorific form)

~(으)ㄹ 수 있다 / 없다

Expressing capability or possibility ("can" or "cannot")

~지만

Connective ending meaning "but" or "although"

~아/어 보다

Expressing trial or experience ("try doing something" or "have done before")

~(으)ㄴ 후에 / 다음에

Sequential action indicator ("after doing X")

~(으)ㄹ 거예요

Definite future tense or probability ("will do" or "is going to")

~겠~

Intention, volition, or conjecture ("I will do it" or "It looks like…")

Verb + ~(으)ㄴ / ~는 / ~(으)ㄹ

Noun modifier form across past, present, and future tenses (e.g., "the book I read/am reading/will read")

Adjective + ~(으)ㄴ

Noun modifier form for descriptive words

~(으)ㄹ 때

Indicating time frame or duration ("when doing something" or "during")

~(으)면

Conditional connector ("if" or "when")

~아서 / ~어서

Clause connector expressing sequential logic or causal reason ("so", "because")

~기 때문에

Stronger expression of reason or cause ("because of" or "due to")

~아/어야 되다/하다

Expressing obligation or necessity ("must", "have to", or "should")

~(으)면 안 되다

Expressing prohibition or standard constraint ("you must not")

~아/어도 되다

Granting or seeking permission ("you may" or "is it okay if I…?")

~(으)려고 하다

Intention or plan to do something ("intend to" or "am planning to")

~(으)ㄴ/는데

Providing background information before making a request or question ("…, so/but/and")

~기 시작하다

Indicating the onset of an action ("start to do X")

~(으)ㄹ 것 같다

Making an assumption, soft opinion, or conjecture ("it seems like" or "I think that")

~보다 (더)

Comparative marker used for comparisons ("more than")

~아/어지다

Indicating a change in state or becoming a certain way ("to become…")

~(으)려고

In order to / for the purpose of (shortened mid

~(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다

Past experience indicator ("have / have not had the experience of doing X")

~기 쉽다 / 어렵다

Expressing relative ease or difficulty of an action ("it is easy/hard to do X")

~다고 하다

Indirect quotation for a declarative statement (Hearsay: "They say that…")

~냐고 하다

Indirect quotation for a question (Hearsay: "They asked if…")

~자고 하다

Indirect quotation for a suggestion (Hearsay: "They suggested let's…")

~(으)라고 하다

Indirect quotation for a command (Hearsay: "They told me to…")

~잖아요

Reminding the listener of a fact you both know ("you know…", "as you know")

~기 위해서

For the sake of / in order to (formal purpose marker)

~(으)ㄴ/는 길에

While on the way to a destination ("on the way to…")