Chap 14 Med Term

What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?

Ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, and vulva.

What are the primary organs of the male reproductive system?

Testes, penis, vas deferens, prostate, and urethra.

What are the three main functions of the reproductive system?

Producing and transporting reproductive cells, nurturing developing offspring, and secreting hormones to regulate reproductive functions.

What does the root 'oophor-' refer to?

Ovary.

What does the root 'hyster-' or 'metr-' refer to?

Uterus.

What does the root 'orch-' refer to?

Testis.

What does the suffix '-rrhagia' mean?

Abnormal flow.

What does the suffix '-rrhea' mean?

Flow.

What does the root 'salping-' refer to?

Uterine tubes.

What does the root 'phall-' refer to?

Penis.

What does the root 'cervix' refer to?

Neck.

What are the internal structures of the female reproductive system?

Ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina.

What is the collective term for the external female reproductive structures?

Vulva.

What two hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is the female gamete called?

Oocyte.

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.

What are the three main parts of the uterus?

Fundus, body, and cervix.

What is the section of the uterine tube that joins to the uterus called?

Isthmus.

What is the opening of the uterine tube that surrounds the ovary called?

Infundibulum.

What is the usual site of fertilization in the female reproductive tract?

Ampulla.

What is the process of releasing an egg from the ovary called?

Ovulation.

What are the functions of the vagina?

Passageway for menses, birth canal during childbirth, and site for sperm deposition.

What structures are included in the vulva?

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.

What does the root 'andr-' refer to?

Male.

What does the root 'gyn-' refer to?

Woman.

What is the function of the ampulla in the uterine tube?

It serves as the middle section of the uterine tube and is the site where fertilization typically occurs.

Define the cervix.

The cervix is the lower 1/3 of the uterus.

What is the clitoris?

An erectile organ located at the anterior end of the vulva.

What is the role of the fimbriae?

They are finger-like projections of the infundibulum that help guide the egg into the uterine tube.

What is an ovarian follicle?

A fluid-filled cavity in an ovary that contains a developing egg (oocyte).

Define the fundus of the uterus.

The top dome-shaped region of the uterus.

What is a gamete in the female reproductive system?

The reproductive cell, specifically the oocyte.

What is the infundibulum?

The part of the uterine tube that encircles the ovary.

What is the function of the labia majora and labia minora?

They are skin folds that protect and enclose the vaginal opening, with the labia majora forming the lateral boundaries and the labia minora being the smaller inner folds.

What is menses?

The discharge of blood and tissue resulting from the cyclic breakdown of the endometrium.

What is the function of the myometrium?

It is the middle smooth muscle layer of the uterine wall responsible for contractions.

What is the os?

The opening to the cervix.

Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is the primary function of the uterus?

It is a hollow muscular organ that nourishes and protects a developing embryo.

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

The follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

What occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Multiple ovarian follicles mature over 10-14 days, stimulated by FSH and estrogen, until one egg reaches maturity.

What triggers ovulation?

A large release of luteinizing hormone (LH) towards the end of the follicular phase.

What does the corpus luteum produce after ovulation?

It produces progesterone, which signals the endometrium to continue to grow.

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

The menstrual phase, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.

What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

Hormone levels increase and the endometrium begins to regrow; this phase ends with ovulation.

What is the role of the secretory phase in the uterine cycle?

The endometrium thickens due to increased progesterone secretion to prepare for potential implantation.

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg.

What is a blastocyst?

A ball of cells formed as the zygote travels to the uterus for implantation.

What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

It is secreted by the embryo to signal the corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone to maintain the endometrium.

What is the corpus luteum?

The remnant of the ovarian follicle after ovulation.

Define fertilization.

The process where a sperm fuses with an egg.

Which hormone is released by the embryo?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

What characterizes the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

The phase after ovulation where the ovarian follicle changes into the corpus luteum.

Which hormone triggers ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

Menses occurs.

What is the primary function of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

The disintegration and rebuilding of the endometrium.

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

What is the function of interstitial cells in the testes?

They secrete the male hormone testosterone.

Where do sperm cells mature and become motile?

In the epididymis.

What is the unique structural feature of a sperm cell that allows for movement?

A flagellum.

What is the flow of sperm through the male duct system?

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the three parts of the urethra (prostatic, membranous, spongy).

What three glands contribute to seminal fluid?

The prostate gland, the seminal gland (vesicle), and the bulbourethral gland.

What constitutes semen?

Seminal fluid combined with sperm.

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in the context of sperm production?

Mitosis creates two exact copies of a cell, while meiosis is cell division where the number of chromosomes is halved.

How many chromosomes are found in human gametes (sperm and egg) versus other human cells?

Gametes contain 23 chromosomes, while other human cells contain 46.

What is the function of the scrotum?

It is a pouch of skin and smooth muscle that encloses and protects the testes.

What is the role of the bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland?

It is a paired gland located below the prostate that contributes to seminal fluid.

What is the definition of spermatogonia?

The germ cells of sperm.

Where is the prostate gland located?

Under the bladder.

What is the function of the vas deferens?

It is a vessel that carries sperm away from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct.

What is the primary function of the penis?

It is the male external reproductive organ containing the spongy urethra and erectile tissue.

What are the paired ducts located through the prostate gland that connect the seminal vesicle duct and the vas deferens?

Ejaculatory duct

What is the term for seminal fluid combined with sperm?

Semen

Which type of cell division results in chromosomes being halved?

Meiosis

What is the male gonad called?

Testis

What are the germ cells of sperm called?

Spermatogonia

Which cells in the testes are responsible for secreting testosterone?

Interstitial cells

What type of cell division produces two exact copies from one cell?

Mitosis

What is the process of sperm production called?

Spermatogenesis

What is the definition of amenorrhea?

The absence of menstruation

What is azoospermia?

The absence of sperm in semen

What does the prefix 'a-' or 'an-' mean in medical terminology?

Without

What is the medical term for the swelling of the prostate gland?

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

What is a biopsy?

A medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is obtained for analysis

What is the term for painful menstruation?

Dysmenorrhea

What is endometriosis?

The abnormal growth of the endometrium

What are fibroids?

Benign tumors of the uterine muscular wall

What is the term for the swelling of the scrotum caused by fluid accumulation?

Hydrocele

What is the surgical removal of the uterus called?

Hysterectomy

What is the term for the onset of menstruation?

Menarche

What is oligospermia?

A condition characterized by a very low sperm count

What is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries called?

Oophorectomy

What is the term for inflammation of the testis?

Orchitis

What is a salpingectomy?

The surgical removal of an entire fallopian tube

What is the surgical procedure where the vas deferens are closed?

Vasectomy

What does the suffix '-cele' indicate in medical terms like hydrocele or varicocele?

Enlargement or swelling

What are the three parts of the uterine tube?

Infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

What is hematospermia?

The presence of blood in the semen