Bio 3 animal phyla

Porifera

“Holes”
Sponges

toxins

There are few sponge predators because they usually contain _______

true tissues

Sponges lack _____ ______
- Do not have a circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous system, or muscles.

Boring sponges

Sponges that are parasitic and attach to hard surfaces to absorb nutrients from the animal

Asexually

Sponges can reproduce _______ through fragmentation, budding, or regeneration

sequential hermaphroditism

Individuals have both male and female parts, but function first as one sex, then as the other. Therefore, sponges can also reproduce sexually.

Sponge loop

• Sponges can take up as much dissolved organic matter from the water in 30 minutes as free living bacteria can take up in 30 days

• Sponges retain this organic matter, rapidly shed cells (food source for many organisms)

Cnidaria

“Nettle” → all of these organisms sting
Corals, anemones, jellies, and hydras

polyp, medusa

Two variations of cnidaria body plan, sessile ____ and motile ______

Cnidaria body plan

Diploblastic, radially symmetrical
Have a very simple “nerve net”
Have a simple muscular system

Corals and anemones

______ __ _______ exist only as polyps

Jellyfish

Have a dominant medusa stage
Includes scyphozoans and cubozoans

Hydrozoans

Alternate between polyp and medusa phases

Zooxanthellae

Corals contain endosymbiotic brown algae called ________
→ example of mutualism

Calcium carbonate

Coral polyps absorb ______ ________ out of the water then secrete it to build the reef

Fringing

Reef grows close to shore

Atoll

a ring of coral that surrounds a lagoon, often grows on a submerged mountain of volcano

Barrier

reef grows close to shore but has a lagoon separating it from the shore

Cnidocysts

Specialized cells of cnidaria that contain cnidae (nematocysts) which are launched from the body to harpoon prey
- BAAAD Stings

Platyhelminthes

“flat”
Flat worms :)
Live in marine, freshwater, damp terrestrial habitats

Platyhelminthes body plan

Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical acoelomates

Planarians

Nearly all free living and mostly marine
Move by using cilia on their ventral surface
Have a more specialized nervous system than cnidarians

Planarian reproduction

Planarians can reproduce asexually through ______. They are _________ but can commonly cross-fertilize

Parasitic Platyhelminthes

Monogeneans, Trematodes, Tapeworms

Rotifera

Wheel-like orafice
Have a gastrovascular cavity, digestive tube with separate mouth and anus
Have a crown of cilia around their mouth which moves water

Rotifera reproduction

Many species consist only of females
- Parthenogenesis (asexual)
- Under poor environmental conditions, some species produced short lives males whose only purpose is to fertilize eggs

Ectoprocta

Live in sessile colonies, covered by a tough exosckeleton, suspension feeders

Have a lophophore

Triploblastic, have a true coelom

Lophophore

ring of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth

Zooid

A single multicellular animal that makes up part of a whole organism
May be polymorphic (take up different functions in the animal)

Autozooids

Feeding zooids, make up bulk of colony (in ectoprocta)

Kenozooids

Zooids modified to serve as stolons, attachment discs, or defensive spines in ectoprocta

Heterozooids

Ovicells produce eggs, testes produce sperm
(Zooids in ectoprocta)

Brachiopoda

Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical coelomates
Have a pedicle that anchors them to the substrate

Pedicle

Acts like a stem for brachiopoda

Mollusca

Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical coelomates
- “Foot”, “Mantle”, “Shell”

Gastropoda

Mollusca class
- Torsion, coiling of the shell

Chitons (Polyplacophora)

Mollusca class
- Shell consists of 8 plates

Cephalopoda

Mollusca class
- Lobed foot, highly developed head, shell reduced/lost

Bivalves

Mollusca class
- Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops

-Shell is divided into two halves

- No distinct head, radula has been lost

Suspension

Bivalves are mainly _______ feeders

Internal

Bivalves typically have _____ fertilization

Cephalopods

• Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus

• Predacious

Cephalopods body plan

Shell often reduced/lost

Foot is lobed and forms tentacles

Highly developed head + sensory organs

Closed circulatory system with three hearts

Cuttlefish

Have a reduced, internal shell called a cuttlefish bone

• Cephalopods

Nautilus

Have a chambered shell that aids in maintaining buoyancy + have about 90 arms

• Cephalopods

Octopus

Completely lost shell, Benthic lifestyle, most intelligent invertebrate

• Cephalopods

Squid

Highly reduced internal shell “pen”, live in deep ocean and make nightly migrations to surface to feed

• Cephalopods

Cephalopod reproduction

• Male transfers spermatophore to female

• Female seals eggs in a den

• Usually dies after eggs hatch

  • Direct development

Annelida

Segmented worms

• Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

• Oligocheates, Polycheates, Hirudinea

• Simple nervous system

• Closed circulatory system

Chaetae

Chitinous bristles on annelida

Metamerism

Body made up of repeated segments called metameres that are separated from one another by septa

Peristalsis

Alternation of two muscle groups (one contracting and one relaxing)

• Earthworm movement

• Human digestive tract

Oligocheates

• Few chaetae

• Feed on detritus

(Annelids)

Polycheates

• Each segment has paired chaetae

• Mostly marine

• Many are filter feeders

(Annelids)

Hirudinea

• Leeches

• Secrete anesthetic and anticoagulant hirudin

• Blood-sucking parasites

(Annelids)

Annelida reproduction

• Many forms of asexual reproduction → fragmentation, budding

• External fertilization in aquatic species, internal in others

• Most develop into trocophore larvae before maturing to adults

Nematoda

Roundworms

• Ecdysozoans

• Aquatic habitats, soil, tissues of plants/animals

• NO segmented bodies, circulatory system

• Pseudocoelomates, triploblastic, alimentary canal

Sexually, internal

Nematodes reproduce _______ by ______ fertilization

model

C. Elegans is a ______ species of nematode, used to study development