Comprehensive Sports Medicine and Anatomy Flashcards for Students

3 acute injuries

strain, sprain, fracture

Dynamic flexibility

the ability to move joints and muscles through their full ROM during active, controlled movement

Isometric

muscle generates force or tension without changing length or causing joint movement

Isotonic

Muscle contraction that changes length against a constant load

what bone is the glenoid fossa on?

Scapula

What bone is the olecranon process on?

Ulna

What structures conduct impulses to and from the brain?

Spinal cord and nerves

Best method to control bleeding

direct pressure

Movement of a body part towards the midline

Adduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline

Abduction

Unhappy triad

damage to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus

Application of a lateral force to the medial aspect of a joint testing the stability of the lateral aspect of the joint

Varus stress test

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

arteries

A partial dislocation of a joint

subluxation

What will therapeutic ultrasound do to blood flow?

Increase the blood flow

Where do hip fractures occur?

Femoral neck

What is a fracture?

A partial or complete break in a bone

What injury can lead to myositis ossificans

severe muscle contusion or strain

What does NSAIDs stand for?

Nonsteriodal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

What is the active ingredient of Advil and Motrin?

Ibuprofen

What is the active ingredient of Tylenol?

acetaminophen

What is the active ingredient of Aleve?

naproxen sodium 220 mg

What is the active ingredient of Aspirin?

acetylsalicylic acid

Tool used to measure ROM

goniometer

What is a therapeutic modality?

Specific tools, techniques, or agents used to treat physical injuries, reduce pain, and improve function

Where would you check the pulse of a conscious athlete?

Radial pulse

Where would you check the pulse of an unconscious athlete?

Carotoid pulse

Define medial

Straight down the middle (midline)

Define lateral

Position away from the midline of body

Define anterior

The front side

Define posterior

The back side

Define prone

Front side is facing downwards

Define supine

Front side is facing upwards

What is a static stretch?

Holding a specific position that stretches a muscle to its furthest point without movement and hold for 15-30 seconds

What is gamekeeper's thumb?

Tear or injury to the ulnar collateral ligament

What kind of infection is MRSA?

anti-biotic-resistant staph infection

5 symptoms of a concussion

dizziness, vomiting, headache, blurry vision, light sensitivity

List all macronutrients and their cal/g

Fats 9c/g, Carbohydrates 4c/g, Proteins 4c/g

Rep range for strength training

1-5

Rep range for endurance

15+

Rep range for hypertrophy

6-12

what are the bones of the knee?

femur, fibula, tibia, patella

What are the bones of the elbow?

Humerus, ulna, radius

how many bones are in each wrist?

8

How many bones are in each hand?

27

How many bones are in the fingers for each hand?

14

What structures are assessed for Lachman's Test?

ACL (anterior cruciate ligameent)

What structures are assessed for Valgus Stress Test?

MCL (medial collateral ligament)

What structures are assessed for Varus Stress Test?

LCL (Lateral collateral ligament)

Edema

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped by your body's tissues

Ecchymosis

A large bruise where blood leaks from broken blood vessels into the skin or mucous membranes

Strain

An injury to a muscle or tendon

Sprain

An injury that happens when you overstretch or tear a ligament

Contusion

A bruise or soft tissue inury where capillaries and blood vessels are damaged by blunt force

Tendon

A tough, flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Whirlpool

A form of hydrotheraoy that uses a jet or turbine to agitate water in a specialized tub

What does subjective mean?

refers to the patients personal perspective, feelings, adn discriptions of thier symptoms

What does objective mean?

Documents verifiable facts, measurements, and clinical observations

What does plyometric mean?

Explosive exercises that force muscles to reach maximum strength and speed in the shortest possible time

Proprioception

your body's ability to sense its own position, movement, and orientation in space

Atrophy

The partial or complete wasting away of a body part, tissue, or organ

Hypertrophy

Enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its individual cells

Closed chain

Farthest part of your limb remians fixed to an immovable surface

Second impact syndrome

A person sustains a second head injury or concussion before fully recovering from the first

PROM

Passive Range of Motion

RROM

Resisted Range of Motion

AROM

Active Range of Motion

ORIF

Open Reduction Internal Fixation ; Used by surgeons to repair severe bone fractures that cannot be healed properly with just a cast or splint

Procedure that realigns displaced bones or joints

Reduction

What does PNF stand for?

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Faciitation

2 Types of PNF

Hold-Relax and Contract-Relax

Hold-Relax

(Passive stretch, isometric contraction, relax) This method relies entirely on the target muscle group. It triggers the body's natural relaxation reflex allowing for a deeper stretch

Contract-Relax

(passive stretch, concentric contraction, relax). ALlows the contracted muscle to move through a range of motion (isometric contraction) rather than staying completely still.

List each component of PRICE

P: Protection: Protecting the injured area from futher harm

R: Rest: Avoiding activites that cause pain to the injured area

I: Ice: Applying cold-packs to the injured area

C: Compression: Applying a bandage to the injured area to minize swelling

E: Elevation: Keeping the injured area raised above the level of the heart to reduce blood flow

List each component of PEACE

P: Protect: Un load or restrict movement of the injured area to protect injury from worsening

E: Elevate: Raise the injured limb higher than the level of the heart

A: Avoid anti-inflammatories: Avoid ice and non-streal anti-inflammitory drugs

C: Compress: apply external compression to iimit intra-articular edema

E: Educate: Adopt an active approach to recovery

List each component of LOVE

L: Load: Systematically and progressively reintroduce mechanical stress

O: Optimism: Maintain a positive mental outlook and confidence in your recovery

V: Vascularization: Engage in pain-free cardiovascular ability to increase blood-flow, oxygen delivery, and nutrient supply to the healing tissues

E: Exercise: Perform specific, individualized exercises to restore mobility, strength, and proprioception

What is the difference between PEACE and LOVE

PEACE: guides the immediate acute phase

LOVE: directs the sub-acute to chronic phases of healing

HOPS

History: Questions are asked to understand the circumstances of the injury and their symptoms

Observation: A visual assessment of the patient and injured area

Palptation: The first time the examiner physically touches the patient Locating specific pain and anatomical abnormalities

Special Tests: Specific, hands-on, physical evaluation, used to test joint stability, ligament integrity, and muscle strength

Examples of cryotherapy modalities

whirlpool, ice cups, ice bag

Examples of thermotherapy modalities

hydrocollator pack, paraffin bath, hot whirlpool, fluidotherapy, infared lamp

Examples of mechanical modalities

Traction, intermittent compression, sports massage

Electrotherapy modalities

Electrical muscle stimulation, low level laser, diathermy

12 cranial nerves

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Olfactory nerve

olfaction (smell)

Optic nerve

Vision

Oculomotor nerve

pupillatory reactions, evaluation of upper eyelid, eye adduction, abduction, eye elevation/depression, accommodation

trochlear nerve

Depression and adduction

Trigeminal nerve

Sensation in the skin of face/head, muscles of mastication (chewing)

Abducens nerve

Eye abduction

Facial nerve

Movement of facial muscles, taste

vestibulocochlear nerve

Hearing, equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), taste

Vagus nerve

Muscles of pharnyx/larynx, gag reflex, taste

Spinal Accessory nerve

Movement of head/shoulder, trapezius/SCM

Hypoglossal nerve

Movement of tongue

What should happen when a penlight is shone into a patient's eye?

the pupils should constrict

List and explain PERRLA

Pupils Equal, Round, and Reactive to Light and Accommodation. Medical acronym used to document the standard pupil assessment during an eye or neurological exam

What are the signs and symptoms of a heat related illness?

Slurred speech, confusion, passing out, dizziness, no sweating

How would you treat someone who is experiencing heat exhaustion?

Cool their body, take off excess clothing, give them water unless unconscious

2 modalities you could use to increase blood flow

cardiovascular exercise, compression therapy