Gross Anatomy - Unit 1-5: Vertebral Canal, Spinal Cord, and Meninges

anterior longitudinal ligament

what vertebral ligament that limits vertebral extension?

ligamenta flava, posterior longitudinal ligament, supraspinous ligament, nuchal ligament

what vertebral ligaments that limits vertebral flexion?

anterior longitudinal ligament

Ligament of the vertebral column that:

- Runs along and attaches to vertebral bodies and

- IVDs anteriorly

- Prevents hyperextension

posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligament of the vertebral column that:

- Runs within vertebral canal along vertebral bodies and IVDs posteriorly

- Mainly attaches to IVDs

- Limits hyperflexion (weakly)

ligamentum flavum

Ligament of the vertebral column that:

- Attaches to adjacent laminae

- Resists separation of laminae

- Helps to limit hyperflexion

anterior longitudinal ligament

what is image 1?

posterior longitudinal ligament

what is image 2?

ligamentum flavum

what is image 3?

Supraspinous ligament

What ligament of the vertebral column:

- Runs along the tips of spinous processes from C7-sacrum

- Helps to limit hyperflexion

Nuchal Ligament

What ligament of the vertebral column:

- Starts at the external occipital protuberance through the C7 Spinous process

- Also C1 posterior tubercle and C2-C6 spinous processes -> from median fibrous septum between R & L muscles

- Attachment for trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior and splenius.

nuchal ligament

what is image 1?

supraspinous ligament

what is image 2?

whiplash

severe hypderextension of the neck (cervical region)

anterior longitudinal ligament

what ligament is stretched or torn when a person experiences whiplash?

intervertebral discs

These are:

- Attached to adjacent vertebral bodies

- Deformable (acts as a shock absorber)

fibrocartilaginous joint (symphysis)

nucleus pulposus

what is image 1?

annulus fibrous (contains nucleus pulposus)

what is image 2?

intervertebral disc (IVD)

what is image 3?

herniated dic

this occurs when the nucleus pulposus protrudes through annulus fibrousus. This causes it to put pressure on the nerve.

- Perception of pain in the dermatome supplied by the nerve.

annulus fibrosus

what is image 1?

herniation

what is image 2?

nucleus pulposus

what is image 3?

lumbar herniation

what injury is in this image?

laminectomy

surgical removal of the spinal process and laminae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots caused by a tumor, herniated dic, or bony hypertrophy.

spinal fusion

surgical stabilization after a spinal fracture, abnormal curvature, stenosis or due to herniated disc.

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what are the three membranous layers around the spinal cord?

dura mater

this membranous layer around the spinal cord forms the dural sheath surrounding the spinal cord and part of cauda equina.

arachnoid mater

this membranous layer around the spinal cord is very thin, and has small filaments connecting it to the underlying pia mater

pia mater

this membranous layer around the spinal cord is the deepest layer adherent to the spinal cord.

pia mater

what is image 1?

arachnoid mater

what is image 2?

dura mater

what is image 3?

Epidural space

the space within the vertebral canal, exteral to dural sheath, contains fat and internal venous plexus

subarachnoid space

the space between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF, arteries, veins

epidural space

what is image 1?

subarachnoid space

what is image 2?

dura mater

what is image 1?

arachnoid mater

what is image 2?

pia mater

what is image 3?

epidural space

what is image 4?

subdural space

what is image 5?

vertebral canal

what is image 6?

subarachnoid space

what is image 7?

L1/L2 IVD

at what point does the spinal cord end?

conus medullaris

this is inferior tapering at the end of the spinal cord.

cauda equina

the long spinal nerve roots that descend inferior to the termination of the spinal cord

lumber cistern

the enlarged subarachnoid space caudal to the conus meduallaris containing CSF and cauda equina.

denticulate ligament

derivative of the pia mater:

- extending from the spinal cord.

- between the dorsal and ventral roots. R and L sides attach to dural sheath as (21) - small saw tooth-like processes.

filum terminale

derivative of the pia mater:

- spinal cord to the coccyx

- anchor spinal cord

filum terminale internum

Pia mater portion superior to the end of the dural sheath

filum terminale externum

dural sheath portion inferior to the dural sheath

denticulate ligament

what is image 1?

filum terminale internum

what is image 2?

filum terminale externum

what is image 3?

vertebral colum

what grows faster in development, vertebral column or spinal cord?

L2 or L3

at what vertebrae does the spinal cord end for infants?

C1

spinal cord segment C1 is parallel to which vertebrae?

T1

spinal cord segment T1 is parallel to which vertebrae?

T11

spinal cord segment L1 is parallel to which vertebrae?

L1

spinal cord segment S1 is parallel to which vertebrae?

spina bifida

this condition occurs when there is a deficit in vertebral arch of L5 or S1, failure to close in midline.

Often asymptomatic, may have heir tuft over spinous process

inferior to L1/L2 IVD

where on the vertebrae should a lumbar puncture be done?

subarachnoid space

where does a lumbar puncture need to go in order to collect CSF or inject anesthesia?

ligamentum flavum

an epidural injection only pierces what ligament in the vertebral canal?

visceral/autonomic and somatic

efferent neurons can be further categorized into what two divisions?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

two division of the visceral/autonomic efferent neurons

...

draw the typical spinal nerve

dorsal rami

these efferent fibers run to the epaxial muscles

- Sensation from overlying strip of the skin

ventral rami

these efferent fibers run to the hypaxial muscles

- Sensation from overlying skin

stenosis

narrowing of the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen by bone or IV disc bulging.

- Leads to compression of spinal cord and/or exiting spinal nerves

- Often pain and discomfort when standing; numbness weakness and loss sensation in lower extremities; and loss of sensation or flexes in lower extremities

suboccipital nerve

what innervates the suboccipital muscles?

dorsal rami

what innervates all epaxial muscles (not including the suboccipital region

dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

what innervates the levator scapulae (with branches from C3-C4), and rhomboids

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

what innervates the latissimus dorsi?

lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6)

what innervates the teres major, and the subscaularis?

Axillary Nerve (C5-C6)

what innervates the deltoid and teres minor?

suprascapulary nerve (C4-C6)

what innervates the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus?

T1-T5

what branches of the thoracic ventral rami innervates the serratus posterior superior?

T9-T12

What branches of the thoracic ventral rami innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

accessory nerve (CN XI)

what innervates the trapezius (with branches from C3-C4 ventral rami)

preganglionic neurons

The first neuron in a sympathetic reaction, located on the lateral horn of the spinal cord T1-L2

T1-L2

the preganlionic neurons are located where?

postganglionic neurons

the second neuron is paravertebral/sympathetic ganglia, prevertebral ganglia

sympathetic ganglion

what is image 1?

sympathetic chain

what is image 2?

gray ramus communicans

what is image 3?

white ramus communicans

what is image 4?

3

how many cervical ganglia are there?

11-12

how many thoracic ganglia are there?

~4

how many lumbar ganglia are there?

~4

how many sacral ganglia are there?

1

how many coccygeal ganglia are there?

gray rami

does gray or white rami communicate at all levels?

T1-L2

white rami communicates to what vertebral levels?

sympathetic

the body wall only receives this type of innervation from the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic preganglionic axons

Ventral root

Spinal Nerve

Ventral ramus

White ramus communicans

sympathetic chain ganglion

Stay at same level, ascend or descend.

paravertebral ganglia

where are the postganglionic cell bodies located?

gray ramus communicans

where does the sympathetic chain exit to the ventral, to skin, blood vessels or arrector pili muscle in the skin

white rami communicans

what is image 1?

sympathetic chain and sympathetic ganglia

what is image 2?