BL1 I THINK

What type of tissue is blood classified as?

Fluid connective tissue.

What are the formed elements found in blood?

Platelets, White blood cells (WBC), Red blood cells (RBC).

What is the liquid portion of blood called?

Plasma.

What percentage of whole blood consists of formed elements?

37-54%.

What percentage of whole blood is plasma?

46-63%.

What blood test is used to fractionate whole blood and measure formed elements?

Hematocrit.

Which formed element is the most abundant?

Red blood cells (RBC).

List two major functions of blood.

Transportation and regulation.

Define hydrostatic pressure.

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity.

Define concentration gradient.

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

Define osmosis.

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

What is the average blood volume in an adult male?

5-6 liters.

What is the average blood volume in an adult female?

4-5 liters.

What is the composition of plasma mainly comprised of?

More than 90% water.

What is the normal hematocrit value for adult males?

46%.

What is the normal hematocrit value for adult females?

42%.

What process leads to the production of formed elements in blood?

Hematopoiesis.

What do albumins primarily contribute to in plasma?

Plasma osmolarity and blood viscosity.

What is the main role of globulins in plasma?

Transport hormones and antibodies.

What is fibrinogen essential for?

Clotting process.

How is blood pH normally classified?

Slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45.

What is the primary component of the formed elements?

Red blood cells (RBCs).

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin (EPO).

How quickly does red blood cell maturation occur?

About 5-7 days.

What vitamin is necessary for RBC production?

Vitamin B12.

What is hydroxyurea used for in sickle cell disease?

To enable the production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF).

What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

To bind and transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

How does hemoglobin affect blood color when oxygen is bound?

Turns bright red.

What are the consequences of thrombocytopenia?

Abnormally low platelet count leading to bleeding issues.

What is the normal range for platelets in blood?

150,000 to 500,000/mm³.

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

Vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase.

What is the significance of the buffy coat in a fractionated blood sample?

It contains white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.

What speed metric measures the duration for blood to clot?

Coagulation time.

What is immunoglobulin another term for?

Antibodies.

What is an antigen in the context of blood types?

Molecules on the membrane of RBCs identifying the blood type.

What are the primary blood group types?

Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O.

What is the universal donor blood type?

Type O-.!

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

Type AB+.

What is an antigen-antibody reaction in blood typing?

Reacts when corresponding antibodies are mixed with antigens.

What is the primary function of neutrophils in WBCs?

First responders to infection, employing phagocytosis.

What is the main role of eosinophils?

Fight parasitic infections and moderate allergic reactions.

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

T cells and B cells.

What is leukopenia?

Abnormally low WBC count.

What does leukocytosis indicate?

An elevated WBC count, commonly associated with infection.

What is a normal RBC count range for an adult male?

4.5-6.3 million/mm³.

What is a normal RBC count range for an adult female?

4.2-5.5 million/mm³.

What is hematocrit also known as?

Packed cell volume (PCV).

What is the role of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

Facilitate leukocyte production.

What is the function of platelets during hemostasis?

Aggregate to form plugs at injury sites.

What is the composition of plasma proteins regarding albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen?

Albumins (60%), globulins (35%), fibrinogen (4%).

What does the term 'degranulation' refer to?

The release of granules from neutrophils containing enzymes for immune response.

What necessitates the use of Rhogam in pregnancy?

Preventing HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn).

What leads to increases in erythropoietin (EPO) production?

A drop in RBC count resulting in hypoxemia.

What do natural killer (NK) cells attack?

Abnormal tissues, including cancer cells.

What does hemolytic disease of the newborn occur from?

Mother producing antibodies against Rh antigens.

What is the main risk of thrombocytosis?

Potential for excessive clotting.

What does the term 'hemocytoblast' refer to?

A stem cell that gives rise to blood cells.

How does the shape of RBCs benefit their function?

Increased surface area and flexibility for gas exchange.

What is the normal lifespan of red blood cells?

About 120 days.

What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?

Produce erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen levels.

What types of antigens are presented in type AB blood?

A and B antigens.

How does hemoglobin help buffer blood pH?

By binding H+ ions.

What does the presence of both anti-A and anti-B antibodies signify?

Blood type O.

What does blood volume classified as 7% imply?

Comprising about 7% of total body weight.

What physical property of blood results in its viscosity being 5 times that of water?

Solute content within blood.

What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin for clot formation.

What abnormal RBC count condition reflects impaired oxygen delivery?

Anemia.

What hormone does treatment with hydroxyurea increase production of?

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF).