CH 26

What are the main components of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What structures are part of the female reproductive system?

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (including cervix), vagina, and vulva.

What is the microbial status of the urinary tract?

The urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile.

What are the predominant microbes in the vagina?

Lactobacilli, Streptococci, anaerobes, Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis.

What are urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, and pyelonephritis?

Inflammation of the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys.

What is the most common cause of UTIs?

Escherichia coli.

What are the symptoms and demographic patterns of cystitis?

Painful urination (dysuria), pus in urine (pyuria), and higher incidence in women.

What are the symptoms and risks of pyelonephritis?

Fever, flank pain, bacteremia, and kidney scarring.

What spirochete causes leptospirosis?

Leptospira interrogans.

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

Contact with water contaminated with infected animal urine.

What causes gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

What are symptoms of gonorrhea?

Painful urination and pus (men); PID and systemic complications (women).

Why does gonorrhea not confer lasting immunity?

No immunity develops due to antigenic variability and Opa proteins.

What is the main cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

Chlamydia trachomatis.

What antibiotics are used to treat NGU?

Doxycycline and azithromycin.

What two pathogens commonly cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.

What are complications of PID?

Infection and scarring of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis), infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.

What causes syphilis?

Treponema pallidum.

What are the stages and symptoms of syphilis?

Chancre, rashes, latency, gummas, cardiovascular and neurological damage.

What is the treatment for syphilis?

Benzathine penicillin.

What causes chancroid (soft chancre)?

Haemophilus ducreyi.

What causes lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?

C. trachomatis.

What causes bacterial vaginosis?

Gardnerella vaginalis.

What are signs of bacterial vaginosis?

Vaginal discharge with fishy odor and clue cells.

What virus causes genital herpes?

HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus type 2).

What are symptoms of genital herpes?

Painful genital vesicles, recurrence from latent virus.

What drugs are used to manage genital herpes?

Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir.

What causes neonatal herpes?

HSV transmission during birth.

What virus causes genital warts?

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

Which HPV types cause cervical cancer?

HPV types 16 and 18.

What vaccines help prevent cervical cancer?

Gardasil and Cervarix.

What fungus causes candidiasis (yeast infections)?

Candida albicans.

What are symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Thick, yellow, yeasty discharge and vaginal irritation.

What protozoan causes trichomoniasis?

Trichomonas vaginalis.

What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?

Profuse greenish-yellow, foul-smelling frothy discharge.

What test panel screens for common infections in pregnant women?

TORCH panel.

What does TORCH stand for?

Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, hepatitis B, etc.), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus.

What infections does the "I Want The Kit" home test screen for?

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.

What are pros and cons of home STI test kits?

More access, quicker treatment, privacy—but issues with accuracy and cost.