CH 26

Urinary & Reproductive Anatomy and Microbiota

1. A: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Q: What are the main components of the urinary system?

2. A: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (including cervix), vagina, and vulva.
Q: What structures are part of the female reproductive system?

3. A: The urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile.
Q: What is the microbial status of the urinary tract?

4. A: Lactobacilli, Streptococci, anaerobes, Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis.
Q: What are the predominant microbes in the vagina?

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

5. A: Inflammation of the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys.
Q: What are urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, and pyelonephritis?

6. A: Escherichia coli.
Q: What is the most common cause of UTIs?

7. A: Painful urination (dysuria), pus in urine (pyuria), and higher incidence in women.
Q: What are the symptoms and demographic patterns of cystitis?

8. A: Fever, flank pain, bacteremia, and kidney scarring.
Q: What are the symptoms and risks of pyelonephritis?

9. A: Leptospira interrogans.
Q: What spirochete causes leptospirosis?

10. A: Contact with water contaminated with infected animal urine.
Q: How is leptospirosis transmitted?

Bacterial STIs

11. A: Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Q: What causes gonorrhea?

12. A: Painful urination and pus (men); PID and systemic complications (women).
Q: What are symptoms of gonorrhea?

13. A: No immunity develops due to antigenic variability and Opa proteins.
Q: Why does gonorrhea not confer lasting immunity?

14. A: Chlamydia trachomatis.
Q: What is the main cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

15. A: Doxycycline and azithromycin.
Q: What antibiotics are used to treat NGU?

16. A: N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.
Q: What two pathogens commonly cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

17. A: Infection and scarring of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis), infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
Q: What are complications of PID?

Syphilis and Other Bacterial Infections

18. A: Treponema pallidum.
Q: What causes syphilis?

19. A: Chancre, rashes, latency, gummas, cardiovascular and neurological damage.
Q: What are the stages and symptoms of syphilis?

20. A: Benzathine penicillin.
Q: What is the treatment for syphilis?

21. A: Haemophilus ducreyi.
Q: What causes chancroid (soft chancre)?

22. A: C. trachomatis.
Q: What causes lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?

23. A: Gardnerella vaginalis.
Q: What causes bacterial vaginosis?

24. A: Vaginal discharge with fishy odor and clue cells.
Q: What are signs of bacterial vaginosis?

Viral STIs

25. A: HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus type 2).
Q: What virus causes genital herpes?

26. A: Painful genital vesicles, recurrence from latent virus.
Q: What are symptoms of genital herpes?

27. A: Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir.
Q: What drugs are used to manage genital herpes?

28. A: HSV transmission during birth.
Q: What causes neonatal herpes?

29. A: Human papillomavirus (HPV).
Q: What virus causes genital warts?

30. A: HPV types 16 and 18.
Q: Which HPV types cause cervical cancer?

31. A: Gardasil and Cervarix.
Q: What vaccines help prevent cervical cancer?

Fungal and Protozoan Infections

32. A: Candida albicans.
Q: What fungus causes candidiasis (yeast infections)?

33. A: Thick, yellow, yeasty discharge and vaginal irritation.
Q: What are symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

34. A: Trichomonas vaginalis.
Q: What protozoan causes trichomoniasis?

35. A: Profuse greenish-yellow, foul-smelling frothy discharge.
Q: What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?

Congenital Infections and Testing

36. A: TORCH panel.
Q: What test panel screens for common infections in pregnant women?

37. A: Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, hepatitis B, etc.), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus.
Q: What does TORCH stand for?

STI Home Testing

38. A: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.
Q: What infections does the "I Want The Kit" home test screen for?

39. A: More access, quicker treatment, privacy—but issues with accuracy and cost.
Q: What are pros and cons of home STI test kits?