general functions of carbs
energy/fuel for cell (make ATP)
structure cell walls
part of structure of DNA, RNA + ATP
what 3 elements do simple sugars contain & in what ratio?
C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1
name 3 monosaccharides & their chemical formula
glucose, fructose & galactose (all are hexoses)
C6 H12 06
hexose sugars
monosaccharides that contain 6 carbons
pentoses
monosaccharides that contain 5 carbons
ex- ribose & deoxyribose
glucose
made by plants
fructose
found in fruits
galactose
“milk sugar”
what do sugars typically end in?
-ose (but not always)
isomers
2 compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures
aqueous
watery/dissolves in water
name 3 carb isomers & their chemical formula
glucose, galactose, fructose
C6 H12 06
when do monosaccharides form ring structures?
when they’re put into aqueous solutions inside cells
monosaccharides
serve as fuel for cells
simplest type of carbs
disaccharide
double sugar
forms when 2 monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis
ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose
sucrose
found in table sugar
disaccharide formed by glucose & fructose
maltose
found in grain sugar
disaccharide formed by 2 glucose
lactose
found in milk sugar
disaccharide formed by galactose & glucose
polysaccharides
complex carbs made of chains of monosaccharides
5 polysaccharides important to living organisms
starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin
peptidoglycan
how do plants store carb energy?
starch
oligosaccharides
made up of 3-10 monomers
important in cell membrane (where they combine on outside with protein or lipid)
serve to identify cells or as receptors
glycogen
monomer = glucose
found in liver of animals
function = energy storage molecule
starch
monomer = glucose
found in plants
function = energy storage molecule
chitin
monomers = glucose & nitrogen containing compounds
found in insects & fungi
functions = cell wall (fungi) & cytoskeleton (insects)
cellulose
monomer = glucose
found in plants
function = structural component of cell walls
dietary fiber
peptidoglycan
found in bacteria
function = bacterial cell wall
what does gram + mean?
thicker cell wall
what does gram - mean?
thinner cell wall
why are cows able to digest cellulose?
They have a bacteria in their gut. Termites have a protozoan
what types of atoms make up carbs?
carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
hydrolysis
takes place when you’re breaking down larger molecules into their monomers
dehydration synthesis
takes place when you’re building larger molecules from their monomers
what elements must organic compounds contain?
carbon and hydrogen
how does the number of H atoms in a carb compare to the number of oxygen atoms?
there are 2 times as many hydrogens as oxygens
how are monosaccharides used in a cell?
supply energy (ATP) for cellular work
serve as raw materials for building other organic molecules
result of hydrolyzing a starch molecule
glucose
result of hydrolyzing a sucrose molecule
glucose + fructose
result of hydrolyzing a glycogen molecule
glucose
result of hydrolyzing a cellulose molecule
glucose
result of hydrolyzing a lactose molecule
glucose + galactose
result of hydrolyzing a maltose molecule
glucose
which molecules can’t be digested by animals?
cellulose & chitin
are carbs hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic (due to the many -OH groups)