carbohydrates

general functions of carbs

1. energy/fuel for cell (make ATP)
2. structure cell walls
3. part of structure of DNA, RNA + ATP

what 3 elements do simple sugars contain & in what ratio?

C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1

name 3 monosaccharides & their chemical formula

glucose, fructose & galactose (all are hexoses)

C6 H12 06

hexose sugars

monosaccharides that contain 6 carbons

pentoses

monosaccharides that contain 5 carbons

ex- ribose & deoxyribose

glucose

made by plants

fructose

found in fruits

galactose

“milk sugar”

what do sugars typically end in?

\-ose (but not always)

isomers

2 compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures

aqueous

watery/dissolves in water

name 3 carb isomers & their chemical formula

glucose, galactose, fructose

C6 H12 06

when do monosaccharides form ring structures?

when they’re put into aqueous solutions inside cells

monosaccharides

* serve as fuel for cells
* simplest type of carbs

disaccharide

* double sugar
* forms when 2 monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis
* ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose

sucrose

* found in table sugar
* disaccharide formed by glucose & fructose

maltose

* found in grain sugar
* disaccharide formed by 2 glucose

lactose

* found in milk sugar
* disaccharide formed by galactose & glucose

polysaccharides

complex carbs made of chains of monosaccharides

5 polysaccharides important to living organisms

1. starch
2. glycogen
3. cellulose
4. chitin
5. peptidoglycan

how do plants store carb energy?

starch

oligosaccharides

* made up of 3-10 monomers
* important in cell membrane (where they combine on outside with protein or lipid)
* serve to identify cells or as receptors

glycogen

* monomer = glucose
* found in liver of animals
* function = energy storage molecule

starch

* monomer = glucose
* found in plants
* function = energy storage molecule

chitin

* monomers = glucose & nitrogen containing compounds
* found in insects & fungi
* functions = cell wall (fungi) & cytoskeleton (insects)

cellulose

* monomer = glucose
* found in plants
* function = structural component of cell walls
* dietary fiber

peptidoglycan

* found in bacteria
* function = bacterial cell wall

what does gram + mean?

thicker cell wall

what does gram - mean?

thinner cell wall

why are cows able to digest cellulose?

They have a bacteria in their gut. Termites have a protozoan

what types of atoms make up carbs?

carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

hydrolysis

takes place when you’re breaking down larger molecules into their monomers

dehydration synthesis

takes place when you’re building larger molecules from their monomers

what elements must organic compounds contain?

carbon and hydrogen

how does the number of H atoms in a carb compare to the number of oxygen atoms?

there are 2 times as many hydrogens as oxygens

how are monosaccharides used in a cell?

* supply energy (ATP) for cellular work
* serve as raw materials for building other organic molecules

result of hydrolyzing a starch molecule

glucose

result of hydrolyzing a sucrose molecule

glucose + fructose

result of hydrolyzing a glycogen molecule

glucose

result of hydrolyzing a cellulose molecule

glucose

result of hydrolyzing a lactose molecule

glucose + galactose

result of hydrolyzing a maltose molecule

glucose

which molecules can’t be digested by animals?

cellulose & chitin

are carbs hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic (due to the many -OH groups)