Eduqas History: Cold War Rivalry

Provide a reason for US fear of Communism in 1945.

1917 Revolutions led to Red Scare, ideological differences, Truman's distrust of Stalin, USSR's influence in Eastern Europe,

Reasons for US involvement in the Cold War (4; name 2)

Fear of Communism, Soviet Expansion in Eastern Europe, Attitude of Truman, Potsdam

In 1946 what did Churchill suggest had descended across the continent of Europe?

Iron Curtain

When and where did Churchill make his 'Iron Curtain' speech?

Fulton in 1946

When was the Potsdam conference?

1945

Who was at the Potsdam Conference?

Truman, Stalin, Churchill

What was agreed at Potsdam?

Britain, France, USA and Russia would each have a part of Germany and Berlin, splitting them into 4

What's the official name of the Marshall Plan?

European Recovery Plan

In 1945, who was the leader of Britain, post-war?

Churchill

By 1953, how much aid had the USA provided as Marshall Aid?

$17 billion

In 1945, who was the leader of Russia/USSR, post-war?

Stalin

Which countries were the first to receive Marshall Aid?

Turkey and Greece

In 1945, who was the leader of the USA, post-war?

Truman

What was the name of Truman's social policy?

Fair deal

When did the Berlin Blockade begin and what did it do?

24 June 1948

closed road, rail and canal links across Soviet-controlled Germany

West Berlin only had enough food for 36 days

West Berlin lacked important resources like fuel and medicine

Stalin hoped that the Western powers would give up their control of West Berlin, which would allow the Soviet Union to control the whole capital

It would also allow him to spread propaganda about the triumph of Communism over Capitalism

What were Soviet satellites?

Eastern European countries that were controlled by the Soviet Union during the Cold War

What did Britain, France and USA do with their sections of Germany and Berlin

Unite them with one currency; came to be known as West Germany

Germany was divided between which four countries at the end of WW2?

USA, USSR, Britain, France

On what day did the USA test an atomic bomb successfully that Truman didn't tell Stalin about?

16 July 1945

When did the airlifts start?

28 June 1948

Name some Soviet satellite countries (5 in total; name at least 2)

Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary

How long did the airlift last?

10 months

In what year did the Truman Doctrine signal a new foreign policy of containment?

1947

On 16-17 April 1949, how many planes landed and how many tonnes of supplies were given?

1398 flights landed 13,000 tonnes of supplies

When did the Marshall Plan begin?

1947

When did Stalin call off the blockade?

12 May 1949

Short term cause of the Berlin Airlift

Stalin feared the capitalism in West Germany as it had been united

What was the nickname of the US economic aid ($17 billion by 1953) provided to Europe that was officially called the European Recovery Plan?

Marshall Plan/Aid

Why did the USA get involved in Vietnam? (Name at least 2)

They wanted to contain communism, extend US influence, defend democracy

What were the methods of warfare used by the US in Vietnam?

Operation Rolling Thunder, Chemical Warfare and Search & Destroy

What was Operation Rolling Thunder?

sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

nearly 900k tonnes of bombs were dropped

What is the name of the belief that if one country fell to communism this would trigger the fall of its neighboring countries?

Domino Theory

When was Operation Rolling Thunder?

1965-1968

Why was Operation Rolling Thunder deployed?

To try and stop the Vietcong supply roots

Did Operation Rolling Thunder work?

No

What was Stalin's aim with the Berlin Blockade?

To starve the allies out of West Berlin

What chemicals were used in Vietnam?

Agent Orange and napalm

What was Agent Orange?

leaf killing toxic chemical

What was napalm?

Petroleum jelly burning at 800 degrees that killed and burned people

What was Search and Destroy?

When the US searched for weaponry in villages and then destroyed the village

What did US soldiers use to burn villages in Vietnam?

Zippo lighters

When the airlift ended in May 1949 how many flights had provided an average of how many tonnes of supplies each day?

275,000, 4k tonnes

Name an example of a Search and Destroy mission in Vietnam

My Lai

When was the My Lai Massacre?

March 1968

What year was the Truman doctrine?

1947

How many people were killed as a result of the My Lai massacre?

347 in 4 hours

What does NATO (set up in 1949) stand for?

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Who carried out the My Lai massacre?

'Charlie Company' - 120 infantry men

When was NATO formed?

1949

When was the Tet Offensive?

January 1968

When was the Warsaw Pact?

1955

What was the Tet Offensive?

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities

From January 1961, how many refugees were leaving East Germany for West Germany, per month?

20,000

In terms of military tactics, why was the US unsuccessful in Vietnam?

They couldn't tackle guerrilla warfare and the use of chemicals made more people support the Vietcong

What happened from 5 pm on 27 October 1961 to 11 pm 28 October 1961 in Berlin?

Fully armed USA and USSR tanks faced each other in a stand-off; USA pulled out first

In terms of morale, why was the US unsuccessful in Vietnam?

Most US soldiers didn't know what they were fighting for and events like the Tet Offensive lost more morale

In what year did Khrushchev order the construction of a wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin?

1961

In terms of equipment, why was the US unsuccessful in Vietnam?

Many soldiers were inexperienced to deal with guerrilla warfare

Name the month and year when the Cuban Missile Crisis took place.

October 1962

In terms of support, why was the US unsuccessful in Vietnam?

Due to the visible effects of chemicals and lots of deaths, support was lost at home

What happened on 14 October 1962?

US spy planes photographed a Soviet missile base on Cuba

What were the financial impacts on the US from the Vietnam war?

The cost to a tax payer rose from $1.5bn to $28.5bn

21 October 1962

Kennedy announced the blockade of Cuba

What were the military impacts on the US from the Vietnam war?

They had lost 36,000 men by 1969 and had failed to prevent communism from spreading

23 October 1962

Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy insisting that incoming Soviet ships would force their way through the blockade

What were the impacts on international relations for the US from the Vietnam war?

US influence had lessened as others thought they had a corrupt government

24 October 1962

Soviet vessels reached the blockade, and turned back

What were the impacts on domestic support for the government for the US from the Vietnam war?

Atrocities committed disgusted Americans and caused them to lose faith in LBJ and his government

26 October 1962

Khrushchev sent a second letter adding a condition that the US remove missiles from Turkey and Berlin

When was the Kent State Massacre?

1970

27 October 1962

Kennedy agreed to the first letter in public and the second letter in private

What was the Kent State Massacre?

National Guard troops killed 4 unarmed, innocent students protesting the Vietnam war at Kent State Uni

What did the USA and USSR sign in August 1963 whereby they agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere?

Partial Test Ban Treaty

Name one cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

US backed Batista overthrown in revolution, Castro ejected US businesses, USSR supported Castro, Cuba turned communist, Bay of Pigs, missile base found on Cuba

28 October 1962

Khrushchev publicly agrees to remove missiles from Cuba

After the Cuban Missile Crisis, what was installed by both the Americans and the Russians

A hotline between the White House and the Kremlin (in Moscow)

What had Khrushchev and Kennedy participated in during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Brinksmanship

The crisis led the US and Russia into what talks in the 1960s?

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

As the result of the Cuban missile crisis, what happened to Khrushchev in his own country?

He was removed from power in 1964

As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, what did America realise in terms of its foreign policy?

Containing communism was too dangerous

What had both the USSR and the USA thought they had achieved after the Cuban Missile Crisis?

They had won - Khrushchev got rid of nuclear bombs from Turkey and Berlin; Kennedy contained communism

What did the Western powers think about the crisis?

They were unhappy as they hadn't received communication from the USA.

Who withdrew from NATO in protest of them not receiving communication from the USA during the Cuban missile crisis?

French leader de Gaulle

What was the Treaty signed in August 1963 called?

Test Ban Treaty

When was the Test Ban Treaty signed?

August 1963

Did the world ever face a missile crisis after the Cuban Missile Crisis?

No

What is the term for "better relations between nations"?

détente

What did the Cuban Missile crisis pave a way for?

A period of détente

What was the Bay of Pigs?

On 17th April 1961, the US government began their invasion of Cuba

The US government sent 1,400 Cuban exiles to Cuba

The invasion force landed in the Bay of Pigs on the southern coast of Cuba

Cuban exiles makes it look like a revolution

What was the Gulf of Tonkin?

An event in 1964 when US ships claimed they were attacked by North Vietnamese boats which led to Congress giving LBJ perms to send more troops to Vietnam