patient care/ethics final

system or code of conduct and morals advocated by a particular individual or group

ethics

the branch of ethics dealing with dilemmas faced by medical professionals, friends or patients

biomedical ethics

7 principles of biomedical ethics

autonomy, beneficience, confidentiality, justice, nonmaleficence, role fidelity, veracity

self contained ability to decide, independence

autonomy

beneficence

actions to benefits others

confidentiality

maintaining privacy

justice

equitable, fair or just conduct in dealing with others

nonmaleficence

avoidance of harm to others

role fidelity

strict observance of promise or duties

veracity

obligation to tell the truth

code of ethics

professional code of ethics to ensure a high standard of practice

critical thinking

self regulatory judgement resulting in interpretation, analysis, evaluations and interference

values

qualities or standards desirable or worthy of esteem in themselves, they are expressed in behaviors, language and standards of conduct

3 groups of values

personal, cultural, professional

professionalism

an awareness of conduct, aims and qualities that define a given profession

3 ethical schools of thought

consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics

consequentialism

bases decisions on the consequences or outcomes of a given act

deonotology

examines the significance of actions themselves

virtue ethics

focuses on the use of practical wisdom for emotional and intellectual problem solving

ethical models in decision making

engineering, paternal, collegial, contractual, covenantal

engineering model

identifies health care professional as a scientist in concerned with facts

paternal model

caregiver makes decisions for the patient, think that they know whats best

mutual cooperation between patient and healthcare provider

collegial model

contractual model

business relationship between patient and care giver

agreement between caregiver and patient grounded in traditional values

covenantal model

Dowd problem solving model

assessment of the problem, isolation of the issues, analysis of the data, development of a plan of action, institution of the plan, analysis of the outcome

law

body of rule of action and conduct prescribed by controlling authority and having binding legal force

legislation

all laws and statues put into place by elected officials in federal, state, country and city governments

statutory laws

enacted by federal state, county and city governments

branches of the law

administrative, criminal, civil

administrative law

determines licensure and regulation of the practice of imaging professionals

criminal law

addresses wrongs against the state

civil law

addresses wrong committed by one party harming another

tort law

subdivison of a civil law

5 phases to a law suite

pleading, discovery, trial, decision, post decision appeal process

pleading

filing of complaint

discovery

facts are sought throughout the case

trial

facts are presents to judge or jury

decision

decision rendered by judge or jury

post process appeal process

decision revised or reviewed

risk management

system for identifying, analyzing and evaluating risks and selecting the most advantageous method for treating them

3 goals of risk management

1. elimination of cause of loss experienced by the hospital and its patients

2. reduction in the operation and financial effects of unavoidable losses

3. coverage of inevitable losses at the lower cost

quality assurance

focuses more on the patient care then risk management

2 integral components of decision making in medical ethics

beneficence and nonmaleficence

expectation of health care providers

“do good”

hippocractic oath

“first, do no harm”

proportionally

the avoidance of all evil is impossible

4 things to have principle of double effect

the action must be good, the healthcare provider must intend only the good effect, the evil effect cannot be the means to the good effect, proportionally must exist between the good and evil effects

beneficence

goal is to do good

nonmaleficence

goal is to do no harm

justice

moral rightness

contractual agreements

signed by patient when entering hospital

surrogate obligations

patient unable to make their own decisions

standard of care

the most basic legal parameter in health care

who created the practice standards document

ASRT

who issues the national patient safety goals

JCAHO

4 things needed to prove negligence

• duty is owed

• duty was breached

• injury occurred

  • injury was a direct result of breach

breach of the healthcare providers duty to follow the applicable standard of care, which results in harm to the patient

medical negligence

res ipsa loquitu

the thing speaks for itself

goal of incident reporting

improve patient care

incident reporting

report occurrences involving patients, visitors, and employees that have resulted or may result in hospital liability

true or false: there are 5 components of communication

false

what are some examples of paralanguage

pitch, pauses, speech rate and columns

true or false: the communication skills of the radiologic technologist doesn’t determine the patients opinion of the radiology department

false

true or false: toddlers require complex words to understand concepts

false

true or false: posture and facial expressions can give a positive or negative reinforcement of your actions

true

what are the 3 types of touch used in radiology

palpation, emphasis, empathy

what are the 5 stages of grieving as delineated by Dr. Kubler-Ross

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

3 essential qualities of the interviewer needed to establish an open dialogue

empathy, respect, genuine

true or false: in radiology we restrain our patients

false

true or false: mobility muscles are called red muscle, and they are found in the torso

false

true or false: the center of gravity is approximately located at sacral level 2

true

true or false: orthostatic hypertension is a condition causes by a drop in the blood pressure that occurs when a person stands too quickly from a recumbent to an upright position

false

true or false: the most effective means of reducing motion is having good communication

true

logrolling is a technique used to move a patient with what kind of injury

spinal

2 device used for immobilization to reduce patient motion

sponges and sandbags

what is voluntary motion

motion the patient can control

involuntary motion

motion that patient cannot control

true or false: vital signs are taken to establish a baseline, to which additional assessments can be compared

true

true or false: vital signs don’t indicate a persons homeostasis

false

the body’s maintenance of heat production and heat loss is known as

thermo-regulation

what part of the body regulates thermo-regulation

hypothalamus

normal temperature rages in healthy adults and children are within (degrees)

96.8-99.8

when a patient has a temperature reading over 99.8 they are said to be

febrile

true or false: hypothermia is very common for patients to have

false

the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the alveoli and red blood cells in the lungs are known as

respiration

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle is known as

tidal volume

true or false: the events that occur during one breath, inhalation and exhalation, is 1 respiratory cycle

true

true or false: the major muscle of ventilation is the diaphragm

true

normal respiratory rates in an adult are

12-20 breaths/min

true or false: tachypnea is rapid breathing with rates with 18 breaths/min

false

true or false: bradypnea is slow or decreased breathing with rates under 12 breaths/min

true

the regular expression of an artery causes by the ejection of blood into arterial system by the contractions of the heart is

pulse

the blood vessels most suited for determining pulse rates are

superficial arteries

what arteries would be most commonly used for obtaining pulse rates

radial, brachial and carotid

what arteries would be least commonly used for obtaining pulse rates

femoral, popliteal, apical

normal pulse rates in an adult are

60-100 bpm

if an average adult patient has a resting HR of 125 bpm, they are said to have

tachycardia

normal pulse oxygen level on a healthy patient is

95-100 bpm

the measure of force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart is known as

blood pressure