Final Bio Exam II

in gram staining, what’s positive and negative?

purple, pink

binary fission

prokaryotic reproduction

plasmodium

causes malaria

trypanosoma

causes African sleeping sickness

virus

non-cellular infectious agent

what are the characteristics of viruses?

non-living, and DNA OR RNA

viruses are made of 2 parts:

protein capsid & genetic material

protists

found in damp environments; not plant, animal, or fungus

fungi

perform extracellular digestion

bacteria

prokaryotes w/ peptidoglycan

archaea

prokaryotes closely related to eukaryotes

mycelium

fungal body

hyphae

branching network (makes up mycelium)

mycorrhizae

an association of fungus w/ plant roots

lichen

association of fungus & a photosynthetic partner

phloem

carries sugars

xylem

carries water

roots

anchors the plants

vascular tissue

carries nutrients and water

seeds

protect and contain the plant embryo

microspore

becomes the pollen

megaspore

becomes the egg

alternation of generations

life cycle of plants

pollination and fertilization

occur separately

non-reproductive portions of a plant include:

roots, stems, and leaves

the most abundant type of seed plants:

angiosperms & gymosperms

porifera

sponges

cnidaria

jellyfish, coral, anemones

platyhelminthes

flatworms

nematoda

roundworms

annelida

segmented worms

enchinodermata

starfish & sea urchins

mollusca

snails, octopus, bivalves

arthropoda

arachnides, insects, crustaceans

chordata

vertebrates

simple

one layer

stratified

many layers

epithelial tissue (3 functions)

• covers

• protects

• lines

homeostasis

internal balance

organ

tissues working together

herbivore

eats plants

omnivore

eats plants and animals

detritivore

eats dead matter

carnivore

eats other animals

bolus

swallowed ball of food

chyme

liquid leaving stomach

peristalsis

contractions that propel food

emulsification

break down of fat

liver

makes bile and filters blood

gallbladder

stores bile

small intestine

absorbs nutrients

large intestine

absorbs water and vitamins

where does digestion begin for carbs?

mouth

where does digestion begin for proteins?

stomach

where does digestion begin for lipids?

small intestine

what is digestion?

chemical & mechanical breakdown of food

what is the path of food through the digestive tract?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, rectum, anus

nephron

functional unit of kidney

ADH

hormone that makes body reabsorb water

urea

diluted ammonia (get rid of this)

kidneys (3 functions)

• filtration

• reabsorption

• secretion

filtration rate

150-180 L blood/day + 1-2 L urine made

how do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

• balance pH

• balance blood volume

• balance fluid concentration

diffusion

materials exchanged

erythrocytes

RBC; carry oxygen

leukocytes

WBC; fight disease

plasma

fluid portion of blood

platelets

clot blood

heart pacemaker

sinoatrial node (SA node)

diastolic

ventricles relax

systolic

ventricles contract

pulmonary circuit

circulation btwn heart & lungs

capillaries

site of exchange from blood

carbon dioxide

waste product of cellular respiration

how does inhalation occur?

diaphragm moves down; ribs expand

how does exhalation occur?

diaphragm moves up; ribs contract

respiratory control center

medulla oblangata

what are the functions of circulatory system?

• gas & waste transport

• blood clotting

• immune defense

• DOES NOT MAKE BLOOD

active immunity

you made the immunity yourself after exposure

innate immunity

skin & mucous membrane

antibodies

specific proteins that help fight pathogens

pathogens

disease causing agents

function of pancreas

releases insulin & glucagon to balance sugar

types of sex hormones

estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

asexual reproduction

makes clone of parent

why are testes outside of the abdominal cavity?

bc the temperature is too high

SRY gene

causes development of testes

seminiferous tubules

sperm are made here

sperm + egg

zygote

sloughing of the endometrium

results in monthly cycle

fallopian tubes

where fertilization happens

ovary

eggs are made here

uterus

womb

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary actions

neuron

functional unit of nervous system

schwann cells

axons that are insulated by myelin

synapse

junction btwn neurons

3 major brain parts

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

2 divisions of the nervous systems

central & peripheral

acetylcholine

stimulates muscle concentration