Unit 5 - my flashcards

GH name

Growth Hormone or Somatotropin

GH released from

Anterior pituitary gland

GH target organ/cells

Primarily the liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose tissue

GH function

Direct actions on metabolism

Increases blood levels of fatty acids; encourages use of fatty acids for fuel; protein synthesis

Decreases rate of glucose uptake and metabolism - conserving glucose

→ Glycogen breakdown and glucose release to blood (anti-insulin effect)

Indirect actions on growth

Mediates growth via growth-promoting proteins - insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

FSH name

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

FSH released from

Anterior pituitary gland

FSH target organ/cells

Females: granulosa cells in the ovaries.

Males: sertoli cells in the testes

FSH function

Females: Stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries and prepares eggs for ovulation.

Males: Stimulates spermatogenesis (sperm production).

General: Regulates sexual development and reproduction.

TSH name

Thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin

TSH released from

Anterior pituitary gland

TSH target organ/cells

Thyroid gland (follicular cells)

TSH function

Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid

Stimulates iodine uptake and thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) synthesis/secretion

Promotes thyroid gland growth

Controls the speed of the body's metabolism

Prolactin name

PRL, Lactotropin, mammotropin, and luteotropic hormone (LTH)

Prolactin released from

Anterior pituitary gland

Prolactin target organ/cells

Primarily mammary glands. Ovaries, prostate, immune cells, adipocytes, and liver.

Prolactin function

Lactation: Stimulates mammary gland development and milk production.

Reproduction: suppressing ovulation during breastfeeding.

Immune system modulation, glucose metabolism, and energy balance.

Stimulates milk production

Regulation of PRL release

Oxytocin nickname

the cuddle or love hormone

Oxytocin released from

Stored in and released into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland.

Oxytocin target organ/cells

Uterus (Smooth muscle cells)

Breast (Myoepithelial cells)

Brain

Oxytocin function

Childbirth: Stimulates uterine contractions during labor.

Lactation

Bonding with baby

Ejaculation in males

Reduces stress and anxiety levels.

ADH name

Antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin, or Arginine Vasopressin (AVP).

ADH released from

Posterior pituitary gland

ADH target organ/cells

Kidney tubules (principal cells)

ADH function

Water Retention in ducts and reduces/concentrates urine

Blood Pressure Regulation

Melatonin name

NONE

Meltaonin released from

Pineal gland (a small gland in the brain)

Melatonin target organ/cells

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): The "master clock" in the hypothalamus.

Brain/CNS

Mitochondria in various tissues, blood vessels, (lymphocytes), and the pituitary gland.

Meltaonin function

Regulates sleep patterns

Synchronizes body's internal clock with response to night/day

Antioxidant Activity: Protects cells from oxidative stress

Affects immune cell activity.

Seasonal Reproductive Signaling

TH - T4 name

thyroxine - thyroid hormone

TH - T4 released from

Thyroid gland (follicular cells)

TH - T4 target organ/cells

Almost all tissues in the body (notably the liver, kidneys, brain, and muscles).

TH - T4 function

Metabolism Regulation and speed

Heat Production

Critical for brain development and maturation, mostly in infants.

Influences growth, cardiovascular function, and bone maintenance.

TH - T3 name

triiodothyronine - thyroid hormone

TH - T3 released from

Thyroid gland

TH - T3 target organ/cells

Almost all tissues and cells in the body. Key organs include the heart, liver, brain, and muscles.

TH - T3 function

Metabolism Regulation and how the body consumes energy

Essential for bone maintenance, skeletal development, and brain development.

Increases heart rate, cardiac output, ventilation rate, and body heat production.

Stimulates protein, carbohydrate, and fat turnover.

Calcitonin name

Thyrocalcitonin or CT

Calcitonin released from

Parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland.

Calcitonin target organ/cells

Bone and Kidneys

Calcitonin function

Reduces blood calcium levels

Maintains bone mineral density by reducing bone breakdown

At higher than normal doses

Inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca2+ from bone matrix

Stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix

PTH name

Parathyroid Hormone or Parathormone.

PTH released from

The four parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

PTH target organ/cells

Bones, Kidneys, and Intestines

PTH function

Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate by kidneys

Raises Blood Calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to release Ca2+ to blood

Decreases Serum Phosphate in the blood

Activates Vitamin D: enhancing calcium absorption from food.

Epinephrine name

adrenaline

Epiephrine released from

The adrenal medulla

Epinephrine target organ/cells

Cardiovascular system, respiratory system, liver, and skeletal muscles.

Epinephrine

Fight-or-Flight Response

Increases heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

Dilates bronchial tubes to increase oxygen uptake.

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscles for rapid energy.

Constricts blood vessels in non-essential areas while supplying more blood to muscles.

Treats severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, and asthma.

Norepinephrine name

noradrenaline

Norepinephrine released from

Adrenal glands (adrenal medulla) as a hormone, and from nerve endings as a neurotransmitter.

Norepinephrine target organ/cells

Adrenergic receptors on blood vessels, heart, and metabolic tissues.

Nopinephrine function

Constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure.

Increases heart rate and contractility.

Increases Alertness

Triggers the release of glucose for immediate energy.

Aldosterone name

steroid hormone

Aldosterone released from

zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

aldosterone target organ/cells

Primarily the distal tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney. It also acts on sweat glands, salivary glands, and the colon.

aldosterone function

Regulates N and K

Increases reabsorption of sodium into the bloodstream.

Promotes water retention for higher blood pressure and volume.

Promotes the excretion of potassium into urine.

Contributes to acid-base balance by stimulating hydrogen ion excretion.

Insulin name

None

Insulin released from

Beta cells in the pancreas

Insulin target organ/cells

Primarily liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue.

Insulin function

Inhibits conversion of amino acid or fat to glucose

Stimulates cells to absorb glucose from the blood for energy.

Promotes the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscle for storage.

Promotes fat storage in adipose tissue.

Prevents liver from producing new glucose.

Glucagon released from

Alpha cells within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

Glucagon target organ/cells

Primarily the liver and affects fat tissue

Glucagon function

Release of glucose to blood and breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Estrogen name

none

Estrogen released from

Predominantly the ovaries (granulosa cells). The placenta (during pregnancy) and adipose tissue

Estrogen target organ/cells

Uterus, ovaries, breasts, vagina, (hypothalamus), bones, and liver. Also binds to estrogen receptors (ERalpha, ERbeta)

Estrogen function

Lowers blood glucose levels

Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells

Participates in neuronal development and learning and memory

Controls ovulation, regulates the menstrual cycle, and thickens the uterine lining

Promotes breast development and changes in body shape.

Protects bone density by inhibiting bone resorption.

Affects metabolism, improves cholesterol levels, and maintains vascular health.

Testosterone name

none

Testosterone relased from

Testes (men), Adrenal Glands (men and women), and Ovaries (women)

Testosterone target organ/cells

Reproductive System, Musculoskeletal System, Hair Follicles, Skin, and Brain

Testosterone function

Essential for fetal development of male reproductive organs and enlargement of the penis and testes during puberty.

Essential for sperm production.

Promotes deepening of the voice, facial/body hair growth, and increased libido.

Increases muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, and bone density.

Enhances libido and energy levels.

Thymulin name

zinc-bound nonapeptide

Thymulin released from

Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) of the thymus gland.

Thymulin target organ/cells

T-lymphocytes (T-cells/thymocytes). Also acts on astrocytes in CNS

Thymulin function

Induces T-cell differentiation, maturation, and functional enhancement of T and NK cells.

Provides anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, particularly in the CNS.

Modulates the neuro-endocrine system, including influencing the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

Heart is transport system

2 side-by-side pumps, receiving chambers of heart, and pumping changers of heart

Two side-by-side pumps

Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues

-Pumps to lungs to get rid of CO2, pick up O2, via pulmonary circuit

Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs

-Pumps to body tissues via systemic circuit

Receiving chambers of heart:

Right atrium - Receives blood returning from systemic circuit

Left atrium - Receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit

Pumping chambers of heart:

Right ventricle - Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit

Left ventricle - Pumps blood through systemic circuit

Heart Anatomy

Approximately size of fist

Location:

-In mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space

-On superior surface of diaphragm

-Two-thirds of heart to left of midsternal line

-Anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum

Base (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder

Apex points toward left hip

Apical impulse palpated between fifth and sixth ribs, just below left nipple

Heart Anatomy location

In mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space

On superior surface of diaphragm

Two-thirds of heart to left of midsternal line

Anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum

Coverings of the Heart: Pericardium

Double-walled sac

Superficial fibrous pericardium

-Protects, anchors to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling

Superficial fibrous pericardium

Protects, anchors to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling

Pericardium

Deep two-layered serous pericardium

-Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium

-Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart

-Two layers separated by fluid-filled pericardial cavity (decreases friction)

Pericarditis - Homeostatic Imbalance

Inflammation of pericardium

Roughens membrane surfaces → pericardial friction rub (creaking sound) heard with stethoscope

Cardiac tamponade - Homeostatic Imbalance

Excess fluid sometimes compresses heart → limited pumping ability

Three layers of heart wall:

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

Epicardium

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Myocardium

Spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells

Cardiac skeleton: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue

-Anchors cardiac muscle fibers

-Supports great vessels and valves

-Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths

Cardiac skeleton

crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue

Anchors cardiac muscle fibers

Supports great vessels and valves

Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths

Endocardium

continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels

Lines heart chambers; covers cardiac skeleton of valves

Four chambers:

Two superior atria

Two inferior ventricles

Interatrial septum

separates atria

Fossa ovalis - remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart

Interventricular septum

separates ventricles

Fossa ovalis

remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart

Atria:

The Receiving Chambers

Auricles

-Appendages that increase atrial volume

Right atrium

-Pectinate muscles

-Posterior and anterior regions separated by crista terminalis

Left atrium

-Pectinate muscles only in auricles

Small, thin-walled

Contribute little to propulsion of blood

Three veins empty into right atrium:

-Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Four pulmonary veins empty into left atrium

Auricles

Appendages that increase atrial volume

Right atrium

Pectinate muscles

Posterior and anterior regions separated by crista terminalis

Left atrium

Pectinate muscles only in auricles

Ventricles:

The Discharging Chambers

Most of the volume of heart

Trabeculae carneae - irregular ridges of muscle on walls

Papillary muscles - anchor chordae tendineae

Thicker walls than atria

Actual pumps of heart

Right ventricle

-most of anterior surface

-Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk

Left ventricle

-posteroinferior surface

-Pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body)