ALL 2ND SEMESTER HC

DARWIN, Charles

Scientist who published On the Origin of Species (1859)

ANTHONY, Susan B.

Leader in women’s suffrage and co-founder of NAWSA

GLIDDEN, Joseph

Invented barbed wire in 1874, which transformed the western frontier by allowing farmers to fence in lands.

EDDY, Mary Baker

Founded the Church of Christ, Scientist in 1879, preaching that Christianity could heal through prayer.

STANFORD, Leland

One of the "Big Four" railroad builders of the Central Pacific and founder of Stanford University.

VANDERBILT, Cornelius

Gilded Age tycoon who consolidated the railroad industry, particularly the New York Central line.

NAST, Thomas

Influential political cartoonist who toppled "Boss Tweed" and created the modern image of Santa Claus.

JACKSON, Helen Hunt

Author of A Century of Dishonor (1881), detailing the government's mistreatment of Native Americans.

CONWELL, Russell

Clergyman famous for "Acres of Diamonds" speech, arguing that wealth was available to all who worked hard.

STRONG, Josiah

Author of Our Country (1885) who argued for the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and expansionism.

CARNEGIE, Andrew

The "steel king" who pioneered vertical integration and authored "The Gospel of Wealth".

ROCKEFELLER, John D.

Founder of Standard Oil Company who perfected horizontal integration and the trust.

MORGAN, J.P.

Preeminent "bankers' banker" of the Gilded Age

EDISON, Thomas

Prolific inventor whose creations included the electric light bulb and first moving pictures.

CLEVELAND, Grover

Only president to serve non-consecutive terms

MAHAN, Alfred Thayer

Author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890), arguing sea control was the key to world dominance.

RIIS, Jacob

Muckraking journalist whose 1890 book How the Other Half Lives exposed the squalor of NYC slums.

WEAVER, James B.

Populist presidential candidate (1892) who won more than a million popular votes.

LEASE, Mary Elizabeth

Fiery Populist orator who famously urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell".

TURNER, Frederick Jackson

Historian who proposed the "frontier thesis" in 1893, regarding the shaper of American character.

TWAIN, Mark

Author and critic of imperialism whose satire The Gilded Age gave the late 19th century its name.

WASHINGTON, Booker T.

Head of Tuskegee Institute who advocated for Black economic self-help over immediate social equality.

WELLS, Ida B.

Black journalist and teacher who led an anti-lynching crusade and helped found the NACW.

WILLARD, Frances

Leader of the WCTU, making it the largest organization of women in the world at the time.

GOMPERS, Samuel

Long-time president of the AF of L, focusing on "bread and butter" unionism for skilled workers.

PULITZER, Joseph

Powerful newspaper owner whose "yellow journalism" helped drive the U.S. toward war with Spain.

HEARST, William Randolph

Newspaper publisher who used "yellow journalism" to inflate sentiment for the Spanish-American War.

HAY, John

Secretary of State who authored the Open Door Note regarding Chinese sovereignty.

AGUINALDO, Emilio

Leader of the Filipino insurrection against Spanish rule and later against American occupation.

BRYAN, William Jennings

Three-time candidate known for "Cross of Gold" speech

ROOSEVELT, Theodore (TR)

26th President known for "Big Stick" diplomacy, "trust-busting," and conservation.

WRIGHT, Orville & Wilbur

Performed the first successful airplane flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903.

STEFFENS, Lincoln

Muckraking journalist who exposed corrupt alliances between business and municipal governments.

SINCLAIR, Upton

Muckraker whose 1906 novel The Jungle led to the Meat Inspection Act.

TARBELL, Ida

Leading muckraker whose exposé of Standard Oil earned her a reputation as a preeminent historian.

ADDAMS, Jane

Pioneering reformer who founded Hull House and became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

TAFT, William Howard

27th President who practiced "Dollar Diplomacy" and later served as Chief Justice.

TAYLOR, Frederick

Author of The Principles of Scientific Management regarding industrial efficiency (Taylorism).

DUBOIS, W.E.B.

First Black Harvard Ph.D.

NATION, Carrie

Radical temperance activist known for using a hatchet to smash bottles and bars in saloons.

GRIFFITH, D.W.

Director of the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation, which glorified the KKK.

RANKIN, Jeanette

First woman elected to Congress (1916)

WILSON, Woodrow

28th President who led U.S. into WWI and proposed the Fourteen Points for peace.

BARUCH, Bernard

Head of the War Industries Board during WWI, setting a precedent for federal economic planning.

CREEL, George

Headed the Committee on Public Information during WWI, using propaganda to "sell" the war.

PALMER, A. Mitchell

Attorney General during the 1919-1920 Red Scare who orchestrated the "Palmer Raids".

DEBS, Eugene V.

Labor leader and Socialist who ran for president from his prison cell in 1920.

HARDING, Warren G.

29th President who promised "return to normalcy" but oversaw a corrupt administration.

FALL, Albert

Secretary of the Interior UNDER HARDING convicted for his role in the Teapot Dome oil scandal.

COOLIDGE, Calvin

30th President known for cautious conservatism and support for big business in the 1920s.

HUGHES, Charles Evans

Secretary of State who led the Washington Disarmament Conference and served as Chief Justice.

MELLON, Andrew

Treasury Secretary in the 1920s who pushed for "trickle-down" tax cuts for the wealthy.

ARMSTRONG, Louis

Legendary jazz pioneer and central figure of the Harlem Renaissance.

HUGHES, Langston

Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the unique oral traditions of Black Americans.

HURSTON, Zora Neale

Harlem Renaissance writer who used folklore to portray Black life in the South.

GARVEY, Marcus

Founded the UNIA and promoted black economic self-help and the "Back to Africa" movement.

DEMPSEY, Jack

Heavyweight boxing champion whose 1920s matches turned sports into a million-dollar business.

RUTH, George Herman

"Babe" Ruth

FITZGERALD, F. Scott

"Lost Generation" author who wrote The Great Gatsby.

HEMINGWAY, Ernest

"Lost Generation" author known for spare prose and depictions of post-WWI disillusionment.

BARTON, Bruce

Author of The Man Nobody Knows, depicting Jesus as a master salesman/businessman.

SANGER, Margaret

Feminist and leader of the birth-control movement who established contraceptive clinics.

SCOPES, John T.

Tennessee teacher prosecuted in the 1925 Scopes Trial for teaching evolution.

DARROW, Clarence

Defense attorney who cross-examined William Jennings Bryan in the 1925 Scopes Trial.

SUNDAY, Billy

Popular Fundamentalist evangelist of the 1920s who campaigned against evolution and alcohol.

LINDBERGH, Charles

Completed the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic in 1927.

SACCO & VANZETTI

Italian anarchists whose 1927 execution became a symbol of anti-immigrant hysteria.

SMITH, Alfred

1928 Democratic nominee for President of United States

FORD, Henry

Industrialist who perfected the assembly line (Fordism) to mass-produce the Model T.

HOOVER, Herbert

31st President blamed for the Great Depression

CAPONE, Al

Notorious Chicago gangster during Prohibition

DILLINGER, John

Notorious bank robber and criminal during the Great Depression era.

LONG, Huey

"Kingfish" politician who challenged FDR with the "Share Our Wealth" program.

COUGHLIN, Charles

"Radio priest" and critic of the New Deal who used broadcasts for anti-Semitic rhetoric.

ROOSEVELT, Franklin D. (FDR)

32nd President who created the New Deal and led the nation through WWII.

ROOSEVELT, Eleanor

Active First Lady and "conscience of the New Deal" who advocated for the oppressed.

PERKINS, Frances

First woman cabinet member

COLLIER, John

Commissioner of Indian Affairs under FDR who promoted the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

NYE, Gerald

Senator who headed the 1934 committee alleging "merchants of death" pushed U.S. into WWI.

STEINBECK, John

Author who chronicled the suffering of "Okie" migrants in The Grapes of Wrath.

EINSTEIN, Albert

Physicist who fled Nazi Germany and urged FDR to prepare for the atomic bomb.

OPPENHEIMER, Robert

Scientific director of the Manhattan Project which developed the first atomic bomb.

RANDOLPH, A. Philip

Black labor leader who threatened a 1941 march to demand fair employment practices.

TRUMAN, Harry S

33rd President who authorized atomic bombs and established the containment doctrine.

ACHESON, Dean

Truman’s Secretary of State and a key architect of the containment policy.

KENNAN, George

Diplomat who authored the 1946 "Long Telegram" formulating the Containment Doctrine.

ROBINSON, Jackie

First Black player in modern Major League Baseball, joining the Dodgers in 1947.

MACARTHUR, Douglas

Allied commander in the Pacific and Korea

MARSHALL, George

General and Secretary of State who proposed the Marshall Plan for European recovery.

MCCARTHY, Joseph

Wisconsin senator who led a destructive anti-communist "witch hunt" in the early 1950s.

ROSENBERG, Julius & Ethel

American couple executed in 1953 for passing atomic secrets to the Soviets.

SALK, Jonas

Scientist who developed the first effective polio vaccine in the early 1950s.

EISENHOWER, Dwight

Supreme Allied Commander in WWII and 34th President

DULLES, John F.

Eisenhower's Secretary of State who advocated for a "policy of boldness" (Massive Retalliation) against communism.

WARREN, Earl

Chief Justice (1953–1969) whose Court issued landmark rulings on civil rights and privacy.

TILL, Emmett

14-year-old Black youth whose 1955 murder became a catalyst for the civil rights movement.

PARKS, Rosa

NAACP activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery boycott.

KING Jr., Martin Luther

Preeminent nonviolent leader famous for the "I Have a Dream" speech.

PRESLEY, Elvis

The "King of Rock 'n' Roll" who transformed popular music in the 1950s.

KEROUAC, Jack

Leading author of the Beat Generation who wrote On the Road (1957).