MBI Exam 5

Urinary tract infection other name

cystitis

UTI bacterial infection

E. coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus and enterococcus

symptoms of cystitis

urge to urinate, painful urination, cloudy or orange urine

pyelonephritis

untreated cystitis that travels up ureters and infects kidneys

symptoms of pyelonephritis

back pain, high fever, scarring of kidneys, impaired kidney functions

gonorrhea bacterial agent

neisseria gonorrhoeae

can infect eye, throat and anus

gonorrhea

consequences of untreated gonnorrhea

Males: sacred, blocked urethra, infected testis, infertility

Females: inflammation/PIV, scarred fallopian tubes, infertility

chlamydia bacterial agents

chlamydia tachomatis

bacteria prefers cells commonly found on adolescent cervix

chlamydia

pelvic inflammatory disease

untreated chlamydia/gonorrhea that change conditions of upper respiratory tract (females)

genital herpes bacterial agent

herpes simplex 2 or 1 (HSV-1/2)

vesical occurring in places not covered

genital herpes

latent HSV

vesicles heal and virus travels to nerve cells in spine

Fetal HSV

miscarriage, intellectual/development disabilities, vision and hearing defects or death

reactivated HSV does not enter the bloodstream so..

fetus is not at risk

Genital HPV infection agent

human papillomaviruses

strains of HPV cause

no symptoms, genial warts, cancer

cause of cervical cancers

HPV-16 and HPV-18

HPV-16

throat cancer

pap smears

detect abnormal cellular changes that indicate cancer is developing

Gardasil-9 subunit vaccine

contains proteins of 9 types of HPV

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

HIV is a

retrovirus

HIV surface antigens

high mutation rate and change frequently (immune system evasion)

HIV genetic material

placed into chromosomal DNA of virally infected cells where it remains forever

HIV damage to immune system

helper T cells (CD4), memory T cells and macrophages

HIV transmission

sexual contact, blood, placenta, birth, breast milk

immune system cannot effectively respond to pathogens or harmless microbes with being HIV+

AIDS

AIDS diagnosis

HIV+ with CD4 cell count less than 200

HIV/AIDS death

secondary infections or opportunistic infections

AIDS dementia

HIV infection of brain

Truvada

for pre-exposure prophylaxis by people at risk of sexual or drug use exposure

HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)

several anti-HIV drugs taken together

pathogenic protozoa

parasites

malaria protozoan agent

5 species of plasmodium

Malaria vector

female anopheles mosquito

Malaria in humans

plasmodium infection of liver and red blood cells

Red blood cell rupture

anemia, kidney, liver, spleen damage (accumulation of cellular debris)

cerebral malaria

infected RBC adhere to blood vessels in brain—> reduced blood flow

chronic malaria

persist in liver and cause disease relapses for years

toxoplasmosis protozoan agent

toxoplasma gondii

zoonotic disease of T. gondii

cats eat infected pray and shed cysts in their feces

T gondii with immunocropromised

development of subacute encephalitis and/or lung and heart damage

T gondii effects

brain functions (increases infection) and development of mental disorders

cryptosoporidiosis protozoan agent

Cryptosporidium coccidi

C. coccidi cysts locations

intestines of mammals, birds, reptiles, and sometimes humans

Cryptosporidiosis symptoms

Headache, sweating, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea

Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks

drinking water reservoirs become contaminated with livestock feces following a very heavy rain or if human carriers shed cysts into swimming pools

Cryptosporidiosis prevention

Water disinfection using filtration and UV light, hygiene

Trichomoniasis Protozoan agent

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomoniasis infection

Sexually transmitted infection

Pregnant females with trichomoniasis

increased risk of premature labor and of giving birth to a low birth weight (premature) infant

mycoses

Fungal infectious diseases

Ringworm (Tinea) Fungal agents

Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton

cutaneous mycoses

Fungal diseases of the hair, skin, nails

Dermatophytes

tolerate the low moisture and salty conditions of the skin surface and the low moisture conditions of hair and nails and don’t need healthy cells

Ringworm: Transmission of Dermatophytes

contact with infected skin surfaces, hair, shedded skin cells, fomites, animals, soil

Tinea capitis

Ringworm of the scalp

Tinea corporis

Ringworm of the body

Tinea pedis

Athlete’s foot

Tinea unguium

Ringworm of the nail

Candidiasis Fungal agent

Candida albicans

Candida albicans locations

Member of the oral, gastrointestinal, and/or vaginal normal microbiota

opportunistic mycosis

Disease occurs when C. albicans “over grows”

C. albicans “over grows”

Disruption of microbiota (antibiotic therapy), compromised immune system, diabetes, hormonal changes

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

yeast infection

Oral Candidiasis

thrush

thrush common in

infants and immunocompromised

Thrush symptoms

White lesions and painful inflammation inside the mouth and on the tongue

yeast infection symptoms

Thick, white vaginal discharge, inflammation, severe itching

Candidiasis of the Skin

Painful rash-like inflammation of the skin (confused with diaper rash)

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges

Bacterial meningitis (verity)

life-threatening disease

Viral meningitis (verity)

milder disease

species that cause bacterial meningitis

normal microbiota of the nose and/or throat in many people (carriers)

meningitis bacterial agents

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Hemophilus influenzae B

bacterial meningitis agent (environment)

Listeria monocytogenes

diagnosis of meningitis

examination of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) obtained by a lumbar puncture

bacterial meningitis entrance

penetrate the mucous membranes of the throat (or gastrointestinal tract) and enter the bloodstream

bacterial meningitis multiplication

multiply in the blood, leading to septicemia and inflammation of the blood-brain barrier

bacterial meningitis in blood brain barrier

cross the inflamed blood-brain barrier and enter the CSF and multiply leading to inflammation of meninges

Pneumococcal Meningitis agent

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcal Meningitis susceptibility

an underlying condition that increases susceptibility

prevention of Pneumococcal Meningitis

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-20)

Meningococcal Meningitis & Meningococcemia bacterial agent

Neisseria meningitidis

risk of Meningococcemia

Young children less than 3 years of age and 10-20 (college and soldiers)

Neisseria meningitidis (Gram negative) replicates in the blood, large amounts of endotoxin (lipid A) are shed into the blood

Meningococcemia

response to N. meningitidis endotoxin

inappropriate immune response is mounted which leads to intravascular coagulation, vascular damage, tissue death, organ failure, and/or shock

Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV-4)

protect against 4 strains A, C, W, Y) of N. meningitidis

MenB vaccines (Bexero® & Trumenba®)

protect against B strains of N. meningitides

Listeriosis (Listeria meningitis) Bacterial agent

Listeria monocytogenes

locations of Listeria monocytogenes

soil, water, feces, raw meat (chicken), prepared meats, cheese (unpasteurized milk), fruits, vegs

Listeriosis in healthy people

No symptoms or mild diarrhea, fever, and sore throat

Listeriosis Elderly, immune deficient and/or cancer patients

enter the blood from the gastrointestinal tract and multiply, then cross the blood-brain barrier to the CSF and cause meningitis

Listeriosis Pregnant women

enter the blood from the gastrointestinal tract, cross the placenta and infect the fetus resulting in miscarriage, stillbirth, or infants born with septicemia or meningitis

Listeriosis prevention

product testing, cook meat, use pasteurized dairy products, wash food, avoid delhi meats

Rabies Viral agent

Rabiesvirus

Rabies is a zoonosis

Reservoirs are wild mammals such as bats, raccoons, skunks, wild cats, foxes, coyotes, unvaccinated domestic animals