human ap 17 18

List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal

list and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system

salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

name the four layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

define peristalsis

wavelike movement that moves materials in one direction

discuss the functions of the mouth and it parts

ingest food; mechanical breakdown of solid particles, mixes them with saliva

distinguish between lingual

lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue

distinguish between palatine

lymphatic masses on sides of tongue

distinguish between pharyngeal tonsils

masses of lymphatic tissue in back of pharynx

compare the primary and secondary teeth

primary- grinding

secondary-biting, grasping, and tearing

describe the structure of the tooth: crown

projects out of gum

describe the structure of the tooth: root

anchored to jaw

describe the structure of the tooth: dentin

makes up most of tooth and surrounds pulp cavity

describe the structure of the tooth: pulp cavity

contains blood vessels and nerves

describe the structure of the tooth: root canal

central pulp chamber that extends through the roots

describe the structure of the tooth: cementum

thin layer of bonelike material

describe the structure of the tooth: periodontal ligament

holds root in place

list and describe the locations of the major salivary glands

parotid glands, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

discuss the digestive functions of saliva

moistens and dissolves food particles and binds them together

name and locate the three major regions of the pharynx

nasopharynx- air passage

oropharynx- air and food passage

laryngopharynx- passageway to esophagus

list and explain each stage of the swallowing mechanism: first stage

voluntary; made from salvia mixing with chewed food

list and explain each stage of the swallowing mechanism: second stage

stimulates sensory receptors, and triggers swallowing reflex

list and explain each stage of the swallowing mechanism: third stage

peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach

describe the structure of the esophagus

contains mucous glands which moisten and lubricate lining of inner wall with mucus

describe the structure of the stomach

j shaped organ; contains layers of smooth muscle ; upper left portion of the abdominal cavity below diaphragm

describe the structure of gastric glands in the mucosa of the stomach: chief cells

secrete digestive enzymes

describe the structure of gastric glands in the mucosa of the stomach: parietal cells

secrete hydrochloric acid solution

describe the structure of gastric glands in the mucosa of the stomach: enteroendocrine cells

secrete hormones that regulate digestion

name and describe the functions of the secretions of the mucous cells

protection and buffering, lubrication, immune defense

Describe the mechanism that controls the emptying of the stomach

Peristalsis moves chime toward the pylorus and pushes it back into the stomach and mixes it; moves into the duodenum and accessory organs will add their secretions

describe the mechanism that controls the emptying of the stomach: lower esophageal sphincter

closed and keeps it from it going up into esophagus

describe the mechanism that controls the emptying of the stomach: enterogastric reflex

intiatiated by sensory receptors, intestines begin to fill

list the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, and explain the functions of each: pancreatic amylase

digest down starch and glycogen

list the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, and explain the functions of each: pancreatic lipase

digest down triglycerides

list the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, and explain the functions of each: trypsin

digests proteins!!

list the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, and explain the functions of each: chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

digest proteins

list the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, and explain the functions of each: nucleases

digest nucleic acids

list the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, and explain the functions of each: bicarbonate ions

makes pancreatic juice alkaline; acts as a buffer

explain how pancreatic secretions are regulated

hormones help regulate the release of pancreatic juice

list the major functions of the liver

detoxfication, carbohydrate, protein, lipids, storage, blood filtering, secretion

describe the structure of the liver

hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, kupffer cells, bile duct, hepatic duct, common hepatic duct

trace the pathway of blood through the liver

sinusoids, hepatic artery or hepatic portal vein, central vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava

describe the composition of bile

formed from the merging of the cystic and hepatic ducts

explain how gallstones form

crystals enlarging

define cholecystokinin

hormone that stimulates gallbladder

explain the functions of bile salts

emulsification; enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol; help absorbs fat soluble vitamins; all bile are recycled

list and describe the locations of the parts of the small intestine: Doudenum

first and shortest

list and describe the locations of the parts of the small intestine: jejunum

middle portion, thicker and more active

list and describe the locations of the parts of the small intestine: illeum

end; contains peyer’s patches

name the enzymes of the intestinal mucosa, and explain the functions of each: peptides

break down peptides

name the enzymes of the intestinal mucosa, and explain the functions of each: sucrase, maltase, lactase

break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

explain how secretions of the small intestine are regulated

mucuses secretion- response to mechanical stimulation

chyme- stimulates goblet cells to secrete mucus

distension of the intestinal wall- activates nerves in the wall of small intestine

describe the functions of the intestinal villi

tiny projections from the mucosa increases absorption of digestive end products

summarize how each major types of digestive product is absorbed

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, nucleic and vitamins

list and describe the locations of the parts of the large intestine: Cecum

beginning of large intestine; appendix is attached to cecum

list and describe the locations of the parts of the large intestine: colon

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions

list and describe the locations of the parts of the large intestine: rectum

extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal; lies next to sacrum

list and describe the locations of the parts of the large intestine: anal canal

opens to outside as anus; anal sphincters-guard anus

explain the general functions of the large intestine

has little or no digestive function; absorbs water and electrolytes

define: nutrient

chemicals from the environment that organisms need

define: essential nutrient

nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or cannot synthesize in sufficient quantity

distinguish between macronutrients

required in large quantities; provide energy; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

distinguish between micronutrients

required in small amounts; help extract energy from macronutrients; vitamins

why do we need carbohydrates in our diet

main energy source

identify several carbohydrates found in foods

starch, milk, sugar, honey, and fruits

what is short term energy molecule stored in liver and skeletal muscles

glycogen

why do we need lipids

supply energy for cellular processes, serve as building block for structures, and fat storage

distinguish between triglycerides and cholesterol

triglycerides- most common dietary lipids; break down into fatty acids

cholesterol- found in liver, eggs, milk, butter meats; produced by the liver and releasd into the blood

what is linoleic acid

fatty acid

what organ can synthesize cholesterol

liver

how is excess cholesterol removed from the body

excreted in bile

why do we need protein in our diet

supply energy and builds new proteins

distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins

complete- proteins that have all amnio acids

incomplete- proteins that are lacking amino acids

define: calorie

the amount of potential energy a food contains

define: basal metabolic rate

rate at which body expends energy under basal conditions; energy needed to support the activities of the organs

compare caloric content of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

carbohydrates- 4.1 calories

proteins-4.1 calories

lipids-9.5 calories

what factors determine a person’s energy requirements

varies with gender, body size, body temp, thyroid hormone activity

list the fat soluble vitamins. identify a function of each: Vitamin A

vision, bones, and teeth

list the fat soluble vitamins. identify a function of each: vitamin D

calcium and phosphorus absorption

list the fat soluble vitamins. identify a function of each: vitamin E

cell membrane stability

list the fat soluble vitamins. identify a function of each: vitamin K

prothrombin synthesis

list water soluble vitamins

vitamin C and B complex vitamins

identify the functions of vitamins C

collagen formation, iron absorption, hormones synthesis

identify the functions of vitamins B-complex vitamins

important for metabolism

list the major minerals; trace the elements

iron, copper, iodine, cobalt, zinc, fluorine