5. Prüfung: Emotions, Stress and Health
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125 Terms
Why are emotions considered complex experiences rather than simple feelings?
Emotions involve physiological arousal, , expressive behavior, and conscious cognitive experience occurring together
How does physiological arousal contribute to emotional experiences?
It produces bodily changes such as increased heart rate, sweating, and changes in breathing that accompany emotions;
What role does expressive behavior play in emotion?
It allows emotions to be communicated through actions, facial expressions, and body language
Why is conscious experience considered an important component of emotion?
It involves the thoughts, interpretations, and subjective feelings associated with an emotional event
A hiker encounters a snake, experiences a racing heart, jumps backward, and thinks "I need to get away." Which three components of emotion are present?
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience.
Why does Schachter-Singer argue that physiological arousal alone is insufficient to produce a specific emotion?
Because arousal must be interpreted and labeled before a particular emotion is experienced.
According to the Schachter-Singer theory, what determines whether arousal is experienced as fear, anger, or excitement?
The cognitive interpretation or label attached to the arousal.
How does Zajonc's view differ from theories emphasizing cognitive appraisal?
Zajonc argued that some emotions occur before conscious thinking or interpretation.
Walking alone at night you hear a strange noise and feel afraid before identifying its source. Which theory best explains this response?
Zajonc's theory.
How would Lazarus explain fear of a snake?
Fear occurs because the person appraises the snake as dangerous.
Both emphasize cognition, but Schachter-Singer focuses on labeling physiological arousal, whereas Lazarus emphasizes appraisal of the situation itself.
Lazarus's Cognitive-Mediational Theory.
Compare Schachter-Singer and Lazarus
Both emphasize cognition, but Schachter-Singer focuses on labeling physiological arousal, whereas Lazarus emphasizes appraisal of the situation itself.
Compare Zajonc and Lazarus
Zajonc argued that emotion can occur before cognition, whereas Lazarus argued that cognition always precedes emotion.
Compare Zajonc and Schachter-Singer
Zajonc emphasizes automatic emotional reactions, whereas Schachter-Singer argues that emotion requires cognitive labeling of arousal.
What characterizes the fast pathway of emotion?
It is automatic, rapid, and occurs with little or no conscious evaluation.
What characterizes the slow pathway of emotion?
It involves cognitive appraisal, interpretation, and conscious processing.
Why do emotions often produce physical reactions?
Emotions prepare the body to respond effectively to important situations, particularly threats.
How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for fight or flight?
It increases heart rate, respiration, sweating, and the release of stress hormones.
During a frightening situation, a person's pupils dilate, heart rate increases, and digestion slows. What process is occurring?
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system as part of the fight-or-flight response
Why can facial expressions provide useful information about a person's emotions?
Some facial muscles are difficult to control voluntarily, allowing genuine emotions to be revealed unintentionally.
Why are emotional expressions considered important in social interactions?
They help people understand others' feelings, intentions, and reactions.
Why might a person's true emotions sometimes be visible even when they attempt to hide them?
Certain emotional expressions can "leak" through involuntary facial muscle movements.
How does the ability to recognize emotions benefit social relationships?
It improves communication, empathy, and understanding of others' emotional states.
Why do psychologists study facial expressions when investigating emotions?
Facial expressions provide observable indicators of emotional experiences.
How accurate are people at detecting lies?
People are only slightly better than chance at detecting deception.
Why are humans often poor lie detectors?
Many cues people believe indicate lying are unreliable and can occur in truthful individuals as well.
What does research on lie detection suggest about confidence in judging honesty?
People are often more confident in their judgments than their actual accuracy justifies.
Why should investigators be cautious when relying solely on nonverbal behavior to detect deception?
Nonverbal cues are often ambiguous and do not reliably distinguish liars from truthful individuals.
What important conclusion can be drawn from the finding that lie detection accuracy is only slightly above chance?
People should be cautious about assuming they can reliably identify deception.
What gender difference is commonly found in emotion recognition research?
Women tend to be more accurate than men at identifying others' emotions.
Why might women perform better on tasks involving emotion recognition?
Research suggests they are generally more skilled at interpreting subtle emotional cues.
How can greater emotional sensitivity influence social interactions?
It can improve empathy, communication, and understanding of others' feelings.
What attribution bias exists regarding emotional expression in men and women?
Women's emotions are more often attributed to personality traits, whereas men's emotions are more often attributed to situational factors.
Why is it important to recognize attribution biases when interpreting emotional behavior?
Such biases can lead to inaccurate judgments and reinforce stereotypes.
How does the facial feedback effect challenge the idea that emotions only cause facial expressions?
It suggests that facial expressions can also influence emotional experiences.
Why might smiling sometimes improve mood?
Activating facial muscles associated with positive emotions may strengthen corresponding feelings.
What does the facial feedback effect suggest about the relationship between body and mind?
Emotional experiences are influenced not only by thoughts but also by bodily states.
How does the facial feedback effect support the concept of embodied emotion?
It demonstrates that physical actions can influence emotional experiences.
Participants are instructed to mimic a fearful facial expression and subsequently report feeling more fearful. Which concept does this demonstrate?
The facial feedback effect.
Why is happiness often described as relative rather than absolute?
People evaluate their happiness based on comparisons with their own past experiences and the experiences of others.
What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?
The tendency to adapt to positive or negative circumstances so that they become the new normal.
How does adaptation influence long-term happiness after major positive events?
Happiness often increases temporarily but gradually returns toward a typical baseline level.
Why might achieving a desired goal not permanently increase happiness?
People often adapt to their new circumstances and begin focusing on new goals or expectations.
What is relative deprivation?
The feeling of dissatisfaction that arises when comparing oneself unfavorably to others.
How can social comparisons reduce happiness?
People may focus on what others have rather than appreciating their own circumstances.
Why can two individuals with similar life circumstances report different levels of happiness?
Their expectations, comparisons, and interpretations may differ.
Why is wealth only a limited predictor of happiness?
Once basic needs are met, additional income often has a relatively small effect on long-term happiness.
What role do close social relationships play in happiness?
Strong social relationships are among the strongest predictors of happiness and well-being.
Why is social support associated with greater happiness?
It provides belonging, emotional support, and meaningful social connections.
How does personality influence happiness?
Certain personality traits, such as optimism and emotional stability, are associated with higher happiness levels.
Why is physical health related to happiness?
Good health reduces daily difficulties and supports overall well-being.
What type of lifestyle factors are commonly associated with greater happiness?
Meaningful relationships, social engagement, physical health, and a sense of purpose.
Why do psychologists consider happiness to be influenced by both external circumstances and internal factors?
Life conditions matter, but interpretation, personality, expectations, and social comparisons also strongly affect happiness.
A person receives a salary increase and initially feels much happier, but several months later returns to their previous happiness level. Which concept best explains this pattern?
The adaptation-level phenomenon.
What is stress?
Stress is the process by which people perceive and respond to events that they appraise as threatening or challenging.
Why is stress not always harmful?
Stress can improve focus and performance when a situation is appraised as a challenge rather than a threat.
How does appraisal influence the stress response?
The way a person interprets a situation determines whether it is experienced as a challenge or a threat.
What is a stressor?
A stressor is any event or situation that is perceived as threatening or challenging.
What are catastrophes?
Large-scale unpredictable events that affect many people simultaneously, such as natural disasters or pandemics.
Why are catastrophes considered powerful stressors?
They are often uncontrollable, unpredictable, and threaten safety and well-being.
What are significant life changes?
Major personal events that require adjustment, such as marriage, divorce, moving, or losing a job.
Why can positive life events also be stressful?
Because they require adaptation and adjustment, even when they are desirable.
What are daily hassles?
Small recurring frustrations and inconveniences that occur in everyday life.
Why can daily hassles have a strong impact on health?
Their cumulative effects can create chronic stress over time.
Compare catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles.
Catastrophes affect many people at once, significant life changes involve major personal transitions, and daily hassles are frequent minor stressors that accumulate over time.
Why did Hans Selye develop the General Adaptation Syndrome?
To explain how the body responds to prolonged stress.
What are the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
What occurs during the alarm reaction stage?
The body mobilizes resources and activates the fight-or-flight response.
What occurs during the resistance stage?
The body continues coping with the stressor while maintaining elevated physiological activity.
What occurs during the exhaustion stage?
The body's resources become depleted, increasing vulnerability to illness and dysfunction.
Why is chronic stress particularly dangerous according to GAS?
Prolonged stress can eventually lead to exhaustion and reduced resistance to disease.
A student experiences intense stress before an exam, adapts during the exam period, and later becomes physically exhausted after weeks of pressure. Which stages of GAS are illustrated?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
How can chronic stress influence physical health?
It weakens the immune system and increases vulnerability to illness.
Why does prolonged stress affect immune functioning?
The body remains in a state of physiological activation that diverts resources away from immune processes.
Does stress directly cause disease?
No, stress primarily increases susceptibility to illness by reducing the body's ability to resist disease.
What are some health consequences associated with chronic stress?
Increased risk of infections, slower healing, cardiovascular problems, and impaired immune functioning.
Why might highly trained athletes sometimes become more vulnerable to illness?
Intense physical stress without adequate recovery can suppress immune functioning.