FINAL PRAXIS 5002, FORM 1, FORM 2, FORM 3

f says fff as in fist

r says rrrr as in rip

what are these?

decoding examples

A teacher asks, "what word am I trying to say /P/ I/ N / and instructs students to say the word. Which strategy is the teacher using to build phoneme awareness?

Phoneme building

Language proficiency levels

Level 1- starting- little to no understanding of english

level 2- emerging- understand short phrases/sentences

level 3-developing- understand more complex speech but still needs repetitive

level4- expanding- langage skills are adequate for day to day communication

level 5- bringing- students can express themself but not fully fluent

level 6: Leaves ESL program

A student is able to orally substitute the initial consonant /g/ for /b/ in the word boat to make the word goat. What concept is the student demonstrating?

Phonemic awareness aKA phoneme substitution

Which part of dream is a phoneme ?

"ea"

Which strategy is beneficial for the benign stages of writing a story?

Organizing ideas in the story element chart

Which is the best print style for a research paper?

expository

finger spelling

Using hands to sign letters-

Communication system that "spells out" each letter with a hand position.

phonological awareness can be tested by

evaluating childs ability to understand how words in text are segmented in to syllables

Br in Bride

Mp in Stamp

What are the examples of?

Blends.

Usually composed of 2 or more consonants

Diagraph

2 letters possessing a single sound

Ex: Graph-PH

, Road -OA, Chin-CH

Diphthong

2 vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds.

Oil, Foil

OI

Homophones

sound exactly alike, but have different spellings and meanings

ex: two/to

their/there

Homographs

words that are spelled the same but have different meanings

Homonyms

2 types: homophones/homographs - sound same but diff meaning

Morphological system

smallest meaningful units of languaged

difference between the "cat" and "Cats"

the one little letter "s" carries a lot of meaning

Phonological System

Sounds with letters and groups of letters- IT ALL

Syntactic System

system of how words are combined into sentences

(order & structure of words and phrases)

Orthographic system

the spelling system of a language (visual memory)

Semantic System

system focusing on vocabulary

Whole language

a method of teaching reading in English that emphasizes learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences

autobiography

writing about a person's life written by that person

biography

story of a person's life written by another person

R-controlled syllable

A syllable with er, ir, or, ar, or ur. Vowel pronunciation often changes before /r/.

ex: con-SORT, CHAR-TER

First person point of view

a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself

"I" and We"

Second person point of view

the narrator addresses the reader directly

You", "Your," and "Yours"

Third person point of view

someone on the outside is looking in and telling the story

he/she see it unfold.

third person omniscient

writer is not in the story but knows and decribes all the character's thoughts and ideas

third person limited

the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character

Couplet

Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme

reader and task considerations

-Background info

-Readers interest

-readers needs

Automacticity

Ability to rapidly recognize words without needing to decode as you read

Prosody

Reading with expression/emotion

Independent reading level

95% accuracy

Instructional Reading Level

90%-94% Accuracy

Frustration Reading Level

Below 90% accuracy

Writing Process

1. Prewriting-Brainstorming

2. Drafting-Writing thoughts

3. Revising- Reworking

4. Editing- Review for Grammar, spelling and punctuation errors

5. Publishing- Final/Perfect

PDF File

BEST choice, maintains integrity

Reading Fluency 3 Factors:

1. Rate-Speed

2. Accuracy-Recognize/Decode

3. Prosody-Vocal expressions/cues

5 stages of language acquisition

1. Preproduction- Silent/Absorbing new info

2.Early Production-Produces single words/2-3 word phrases+ responds to Q in limited manner

3. Speech Emergence- Able to chunk simple words into phrases/sentences might not be grammatically correct

4. Intermediate Fluency-Speak in more complex sentences +Catches errors

5. Advanced Fluency- Cognitive Language proficiency is achieved

Theme

a central idea of a work

Moral

a lesson taught by a literary work

Central Idea

main idea

Inferences

Drawing conclusion from evidence of story

Summarize

give a brief statement of the main points of (something).

story elements

characters, problem, solutions, themes, settings, and plot

Character Analysis

understanding the role of a character in a story via the character's actions, traits, relationships, and personality

Stage Direction

A playwright's written instructions provided in the text of a play about the setting or how the actors are to move and behave in a play. (where they will be placed)

ryhme scheme

the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.

Rhyme

Repetition of sounds at the end of words

Stanza

A group of lines in a poem

Alliteration

Repetition of consonant sounds

(the cool, cow can cough)

Meter

the rhythmical pattern (structure) of a poem

Text Features

Pics/drawings/maps/graphs/charts

Organizational features

Headings/SIDEBARS/titles

analyzing text organization

how text is organized to understand authors purpose

Common organization structures (4)

-Cause & Effect

-Problem & solution

-Sequence of Events

-Compare and Contrast

signal words

Words in an essay that alert the reader to a change in tone, direction, section, or category.

side bar

a topographically distinct section of a page, as in a book or magazine, that amplifies or highlights the main text

Hyperlink

A link that takes you to another location or file, typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image on the screen

Writing

communicates ideas, opinions, experiences and beliefs

How do you build vocab?

by learning how to use context and word structure to determine meaning of unknown words and phrases (context clues)

colon

shows relationship between 2 clauses

semi-colon

Shows relationship between 2 independent clauses

Apostrophe

shows possession

En Dash

range of dates (-)

Ellipses

(...) three periods

removed quote (should be longer)

Em Dash

(--)abrupt break

Drama

Stores composed where conflicts and emotions are express through actions and speeches

Fantasy

highly imaginative writing that contains elements not found in real life

Poetry

writing a verse using imagery and rhythm

Fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Fairy Tales

Stories involving magical people or creatures/ usually written for children

folklore/folktale

stories handed down through speech from generation to generation

Legend

a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements

usual has an element of truth

mythology

A body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works

Science fiction

A type of fantasy that uses science and technology. (Robots, time machines, etc.).

usually about future or distant worlds

Historical Fiction

Stories based in real historical places and events but with fictional people

Realistic Fiction

A story using made-up characters that could happen in real life.

Tall tale

a humorously exaggerated story about impossible events

Mystery

Story that involves a crime/puzzle

ELL learn best with

visuals or written support

Hetro grouping

Graphs

help student to analyze and interrupt info easily

Graphic organizer

A visual aid to help organize information.

Story mapping

a visual organizer that helps a reader understand a work of literature by tracking

setting, characters, events and conflicts.

How does story mapping help?(4)

Helps them:

- focus on detail

- make predictions

-make connections

-summarize the

story

Piaget

cognitive development

(schemas)

Vygotsky

socio & cultural theory & zone proximal theory

scaffolding

Maslow

Hierarchy of needs- esteem, safety, loving and belonging etc

Erikson

psychosocial development

trust VS mistrust, autonomy vs shame

Bloom's Taxonomy

1. Remembering- Describe/ Retell

2. Understanding- making sense of info

paraphrase or summarize

3. Apply- Use it- draw, diagram, solve

4. Analyzing- Draw connections

5. Evaluate- Justify, defend, support

6. Create- produce new or original work

Schema

the way our brain uses old info to make sense of new info (or things in the world)

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

Scaffolding Teaching

Teaching a lesson step by step until students can perform on their own.

gradually increasing difficultly

Journals

1st hand account, reliable info

Guided Qs

Help students improve students ability to summarize

Quantitative mesures of text complexity

Sentence length and frequency of the word

Letter awareness

identification of and naming letters of the alphabet

writing the letters

Subject

Who or what text is about

Ex: She danced. SHE is who the text is about

Predicate

Tells what the subject does

Ex: She Danced.

Danced is what she was doing.