reproductive system

what are the primary sex organs

testies and ovaries

what are female gametes called?

ova

function of testosterone

triggers spermatogenesis (sperm production), builds muscle and male traits.

function of estrogen

thickens the linen of the uterus

what are male gametes called?

sperm

what hormones does the gonads secrete

androgens, estrogen, progesterone

Describe the pathway of sperm out of the body

sperm is produced in the testes

1) sperm travels from testes to epididymis for maturation

2) travels through the ductus van deferens

3) enters the ejaculatory duct

4) exits out the urethra

function of testes

produce sperm and secrete testosterone

where does does sperm production occur?

seminiferous tubules

function of the seminal gland/vessel

secretes seminal fluid that supports the sperm + contracts during ejaculation

70% of semen consists of seminal fluid

what is the ph of semen and why?

ph is basic (7) to contrast the acidic vagina

what is semen composed of?

sperm cells, fructose, fluid from glands

spermatogenesis

production of sperm in seminferous tubules

prostate function

secretes fluid that activates sperm

prostate releases….

nutrients like citrate

PSA→ prostate specific antigen, helps screen for prostate cancer and liquify semen

prostatitis

inflamed prostate due to bacterial infection

bulbourethral glands function

secretes sticky fluid (pre-ejaculate) during arousal that lubricates penis

______ goes through the prostate

prostatic urethra

spongy urethra

passageway for urine and semen out the body

facilitates erection

cremaster muscle

regulates temperature of sperm

cold tempatures: tenses and brings testes towards body

warm temp: it relaxes

Epididymis

site of sperm maturation; transports from testes to vas deferens

ductus vas deferens

passageway for mature sperm to ejaculatory duct

ejaculatory duct

transports sperm through prostate gland to urethra

spermatic cord

consists of nerves, blood vessels across the testes

inguinal canal

passageway from spermatic cord to testis

testicular cancer is a result of

overmultiplication of cells in testis

spermatogenic cells

sperm creating cells

interstitial endocrine cells

releases testosterone

corpus spongiosum

inner tissue that surrounds urethra

corpus cavernosum

outer layer that surround blood vessels

facilitates erection

sperm cells and ova cells have ____ chromosomes

23 chromosomes

why do haploid(sperm/ova) cells have only 23 cells?

spermatogenesis reduces the number of normal human chromosomes in half

What part of the autonomic nervous system facilitates erection?

parasympathetic; releases nitric oxide→ dilates blood vessels

What part of the autonomic nervous system facilitates the release of sperm

sympathetic nervous system; facilitates ejaculation

ovarie function

secrete estrogen + produces eggs (ova)

function of uterus

recieves fertilized ovum

facilitates contractions for childbirth

carries out menstruation

endometrium

inner layer of uterine wall

lining is shed when fertilization doesn’t occur

myometrium

middle layer of uterine wall

contracts during birth

perimetrium

outer most layer of uterine wall

function of uterine tubes (fallopian)

receives ovulated egg from ovary and carries to uterus

site of fertilization

where does fertilization occur

the ampulla of the uterine tube

function of vagina

birth canal

passageway for menstruation

oogenesis

production of female gametes

oogenesis begins in the ____ period

fetal period

explain the process of oogenesis (1st step)

oogonia divides to from primary oocytes and enters meiosis I, but stalls in prophase I until puberty

explain the process of oogenesis (2nd step)

each month, primary oocytes are activated and one becomes a dominant follicle that resumes meiosis I

explain the process of oogenesis (3rd step)

then 2 haploid cells are produced, the 1st polar body and secondary oocyte

explain the process of oogenesis (4th step)

secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and becomes an ovulated egg, if the sperm fertilizes the ovulated oocyte, it will complete meiosis II

where does fertilization occur in ectopic pregnancy

fertilization occurs in fallopian tube instead of uterus

what is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

infection of the reproductive tract caused by untreated STI’s

what is cervical cancer

frequent cervical inflammation, caused by STI’s like HPV

what does breast cancer arise from?

epithelial cells that eventually metastasize (spreads from original site to other parts)

malignant

spreads and can be cancerous

benign

not cancerous

what are BRCA 1/2 genes

genes that repair DNA damage, and suppresses tumors

10% of women inherit mutations to the gene, which increases the chances of breast cancer

how is breast cancer diagnosed

with self examinations and mammograms

what is the treatment for breast cancer

radiation, chemotherapy, surgery…

radical mastectomy (full breast removal)

lumpectomy (seizes only cancerous lump)

simple mastectomy (removes only breast tissue)

non disjunction

caused by abnormal distribution of sex chromosomes to gametes

Luteinizing Hormone

release from the hypothalamus to stimulate testosterone release and ovulation(egg release)

FSH

stimulates egg and sperm development

androgen binding protein

stimulated by FSH, binds to testosterone in seminiferous tubules to facilitate spermatogenesis

what are the 3 phases of ovarian cycle

follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

follicular phase

days 1-14→ stimulated by rising FSH levels and estrogen is released to thicken uterine lining

ovulation

mature egg is released from ovary

triggered by high LH levels, causing ovary walls to rupture and shed when no fertilization occurs

luteal phase

corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (days 14-28)

high levels of progesterone is secreted to prepare for embryo implantation

menstruation

days 1-5 when no fertilization occurs the endometrium sheds and exits the vagina

low estrogen/progesterone levels

proliferation phase

days 6-14 when the body prepares to release another egg

FSH is released, producing high levels of estrogen that repairs the endometrium

secretory phase

ruptured follicles become corpus luteum and prepares for fertilized egg

progesterone maintains the uterine lining, and if no fertilization occurs progesterone decreases