spoken language

vocalisation

sound that has meaning but isn’t a word

vocalisation example

‘uh oh’

monitor

words or phrases used to check understanding

monitor example

‘right?’ ‘do you know what I mean?’

repair

the speaker stops and starts again

repair example

‘if i could just… will you listen?’

overlapping

when speakers talk at the same time

overlapping example

can hear it missing //

// hmm

adjacency pairs

co-operative turn-taking

adjacency pair example

‘so we’ve had to’

‘yes exactly’

hedges

words or phrases that sound uncertain

hedges examples

modal verbs (may, might, could), adverbs of frequency (often, usually), and introductory verbs (suggest, appear, seem)

Non-fluency features

general collective term that shows speech is spontaneous

non - fluency features examples

fillers, repairs

vague language

imprecise language

examples of vague language

‘and stuff’, ‘that you know what’ ‘thingy’

speaker support

a word or expression that shows that someone is listening

speaker support examples

‘yeah’ ‘exactly’ ‘hmm’

fillers

words or sounds that indicate that the speaker is thinking and hasn’t finished

filler examples

‘like’ ‘um’