APAH Unit Two Flashcard Summary

Panic studying

White Temple and Ziggurat

Sumerian
3500-3000 b.c.e
Mud Brick

Built on high ground so Anu (god) could communicate with Royalty and Clergy

Bent Axis approach meant that you had to turn 90 degrees to face the alter after walking in

Statues of votive figures

Sumerian
2700 BCE
Gypsum inlaid with shell and brick limestone

Meant to be placed in temples to pray for donors in their absence

Attentive, wide upward gaze

Standard of Ur from the Royal Tombs at Ur

Sumerian
c. 2600-2400 B.C.E. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone.

Found at a grave next to man's shoulder, used to carry into war?

The scales of the figures in the registers show the hierarchies

The Code of Hammurabi

Susian/Babylonian
1792-1750 b.c.e
Basalt

Record of legal precedent in cuneiform

Hammurabi and sun god, where Shamash passes down authority

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin

Lamassu/Neo-Assyrian
720-705 b.c.e
Alabaster

Scarce, fertile locations needed protection.

Five legs, meant to be viewed from the front and then in passing on the sides

Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes

Persepolis, Iran
Persian
520-465 BCE
Limestone

Ceremonial center for Persians, no slavery or forced beliefs of conquered peoples

23 kings of conquered subjects offering gifts to Persian king

Palette of King Narmer

Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000-2920 B.C.E. Greywacke

First example of both crowns worn by one king to symbolize unification of Egypt

Narmer in smiting pose with Horus above impotent foe

Seated Scribe

Saqqara, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2620-2500 B.C.E. Painted limestone.

Meant for a tomb

Relaxed yet formal pose, not idealized (fat, lack of decoration and muscle)

King Menkaura and Queen

Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty.
c. 2490-2472 B.C.E. Greywacke

Potential emphasis on women in the slight tilt towards her, mother presenting king in afterlife (second birth)

Black Rock represent eternity

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx

Egypt, old kingdom, fourth dynasty
2550-2490 BCE
Cut Limestone

Believed that inaccuracies had permanent effects on the afterlife

Connected to the sun, shaped like suns ray or a ramp to the sun

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall

Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th and 19th Dynasties.
Temple: c. 1550 B.CE
Hall: c. 1250 B.C.E.
Cut sandstone and mud brick.

The tallest obelisk was dedicated initially by pharaoh Hatshepsut

Temple had two axes, one east-west and the other north-south

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
c. 1473-1458 B.C.E. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite.

Hatshepsut designed a whole mythology surrounding her rise and right to power. First female pharaoh in 2000 years

Often seen kneeling in headcloth and beard before Amun-Re's statue during ritual

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters

New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty.
c. 1353-1335 B.C.E. Limestone

Armana period saw more organic art and a short lived burst of monotheism

Disproportioned bodies encouraged curvilinear forms in bas-relief carvings

Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin

New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty.
c. 1323 B.C.E.
Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones.

Tut married half sister, sired no heirs, died at 18, and his mentor became pharaoh after. Discovered 1922.

Goddesses protecting his brow and torso

Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer, Book of the Dead

New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty.
c. 1275 B.C.E.
Painted papyrus scroll.

Book of dead had spells and instructions for the afterlife, Hu-Nefer had priestly status and therefore was granted a text for the afterlife

Feather represents righteousness
Heart represents the emotional and intellectual center

Athenian Agora

Archaic through Hellenistic Greek.
600 B.C.E.-150 C.E.
Plan.

Only Athenian males could be citizens or be voted for

Public city square, fountains alters temples honoring gods (Athena patron goddess of Athens)

Anavysos Kouros

Archaic Greek.
c. 530 B.C.E.
Marble with remnants of paint.

Grave markers, commissioned by wealthy aristocratic families

Not a portrait, representation. Ideal perfect body but rounder and fleshier.

Peplos Kore from the Acropolis

Archaic Greek.
c. 530 B.C.E.
Marble, painted details.

Generally offerings to gods like Athena, idealized Greek youth (humanistic worldview in idealism)

Once showed embroidered animals, most likely a Goddess since no others were clothed like this

Niobides Krater

Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter.
c. 460-450 B.C.E.
Clay, red-figure technique (white highlights).

Niobid thinks her 14 kids are better than Goddess Leto's kids. Athena and Artemis kill kids. Shows downfall of Hubris

multi-stepped firing process to turn the background black against red figures

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Polykleitos.
Original 450-440 B.C.E. Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze).

Roman's came back with Art spoils of war in 211, replicated art for Roman elites. Much of Greek art was melted down from bronze into weapons.

Polykleitos believed beauty exists in proportions. The canon refers to measure, the math and ratios in Greek Art. Contrapossto.

Parthenon

Iktinos and Kallikrates
Athens, Greece
430 BCE
Marble

Housed treasury for civil purposes, second temple to Athena since first was destroyed by Persians.

A frieze is a decorative band wrapped above a series of architecture. Ionic frieze originally painted, isocephalsim.

Victory adjusting her sandal

Marble.
Depicts a goddess in a very normal, informal way
Pull of gravity, unclear if putting sandal on or taking it off.
Drapery puts emphasis on balance and female anatomy.
High relief

Helios, horses, and Dionysus (Heracles?)

Shows wet/fold drapery style
A pediment (triangular shape at top of building)
Contrapossto
Movement and Naturalism

Plaque of the Ergastines

Marble fragment of the frieze on east side of Parthenon.
Ergastimes were young women from noteable families who brought peplos to clothe the statue of Athena

Grave Stele of Hegeso

Attributed to Kallimachos
Greek
c. 410 B.C.E.
Marble and paint.

Shows domesticity of wealthy women in Greece

Servant girl holds jewelry box that may represent a dowry. Solem. Perception of depth in low relief.

Winged Victory of Samothrace

Hellenistic Greek.
c. 190 B.C.E.
Marble.

Samothrace was one of the principle pan-Hellenistic sanctuaries. Increased emphasis on Nike after death of Alexander

Composition of wings and limbs follows form of right triangle. Violent motion meets abrupt stillness.

Greek Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon

Hellenistic
175 BCE
Marble

Wouldve been on an acropolis, on par for message of colossal beauty

Hugh relief carvings create deep shadows. Nike crowns Athena in battle between gods and giants.

Seated Boxer

Hellenistic Greek.
c. 100 B.C.E.
Bronze

Still see influence of high classical in commitment to reality. Shifts from all sculptures being heroic.

Pathos appeals to emotion, great texture in curls of hair. Defeated, cauliflower ear.

Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii

Republican Roman.
c. 100 B.C.E.
Mosaic.

Believed to be copy of Greek wall painting, these were on removable panels making them unlikely to survive

Foreshadowing to create depth, negative space. Naturalism seen in form, light, reflection and shadows. 1.5 million tesserae.

Sarcophagus of the Spouses

Etruscan
c. 520 B.C.E.
Terra cotta

Emergence of master sculptors and painters. High class women could socialize with men, unlike the Greeks where they were separate.

Elongated limbs common to archaic period. Top part is an urn for ashes. Had to be fired in multiple pieces.

Tomb of the Triclinium

Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan. c. 480-470 B.C.E.
Tufa and fresco.

Amassed a great deal of wealth with Italy's natural resources and trade access. Reinforces importance of the living families of the dead.

Skin of women lighter than men. Subterranean rock cut tomb, checkered ceiling. Fresco is wet plaster and soluble pigment that fixes as it dries.

Temple of Minerva and sculpture of Apollo

Etruscan
c. 510-500 B.C.E.
Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa (volcanic rock);
terra cotta sculpture.

Shows third labor of Hercules in which he confronts Apollo. 6th century was complicated, Etruscans ruled existing Romans and were in power south of this region.

Etruscan temples were more square than Greek's, weren't made of stone, and had deeper front porches.

House of the Vettii

Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman.
c. second century B.C.E.; rebuilt c. 62-79 C.E.
Cut stone and fresco.

Saw cannon in architecture, patron-client system. Asymmetrical social relations

Brightly colored walls and frescos. Stage for social life and living and working at home

Head of a Roman Patrician

Republican Roman.
c. 75-50 B.C.E.
Marble.

Noblemen "wears the mark of the work he has done", meant to be taken seriously

Verism- hyper realistic approach to sculpture where features are slightly exaggerated

Augustus of Primaporta

Roman
First Century CE
Marble

Augustus was first emperor, defeated Parthians after losing to them many times.

Contrapossto borrowed from Greek art, naturalistic handling of the body

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman.
70-80 C.E.
Stone and concrete.

Gladiators, Flavian gave the land as a gift to the people.

Each of the 76 entrances were numbered to correspond with seatings. Arches in architecture was a feat mastered by Romans.

Forum of Trajan

Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106-112 C.E.
column completed 113 C.E.
Brick and concrete (architecture)
marble (column).

Celebrate the success of Trajan. Similar to Agora. Height of pillars was the height of the hill removed to build the forum

Basilica- oblong building in a semicircular apse used in Ancient Rome.

Pantheon

Imperial Roman
118-125 C.E.
Concrete with stone facing

Temple of all the gods. Built by Trajan's successor Hadrian. Shows potential of concrete in architecture

Corinthian columned courtyard approach. Interior space was the orb of the earth
Dome was vault of heavens
Light from oculus

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus

Late Imperial Roman.
c. 250 C.E.
Marble.

Shift in handling of the dead, burial to cremation. Empire was more chaotic, battle between Romans and the Goths.

High relief creates full gradients of values. Not a linear perspective, perhaps angled from above.