Introduction to Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards defining key concepts, models, and sequences related to motivation and emotion based on the lecture transcript.

Motivation

To be induced or moved into action or thought by a motive or incentive.

Motive

A person’s internal disposition to approach positive incentives and avoid negative incentives.

Incentive

The anticipated reward or avoiding an aversive event in the environment.

Goal

The end result of attaining an incentive, which is the objective of a person’s motive.

Push Motive

An internal disposition, such as hunger, that pushes an individual toward a behavior.

Pull Incentive

An environmental factor, such as pizza, that pulls a person towards it to obtain a goal.

Involuntary Behavior

Actions induced by external environmental stimuli that show a uniform relationship between stimulus and response and occur immediately.

Voluntary Behavior

Actions that do not necessarily occur immediately following an internal stimulus and include desires, wants, and wishes.

Potential Energy

Stored energy in bodies that is derived from food.

Kinetic Energy

Energy released for work, behavior, or action.

Competence

The possession of the ability to perform a desired behavior necessary to achieve an end result.

Knowledge

The understanding of how to perform a behavior, which is one of the three factors necessary for an event to be realized.

Realization of an Event Triangle

A model consisting of Knowledge, Competence, and Motivation; if any piece is missing, the event is not realized.

Genetic History

A source of motivation involving the effect of millions of years of evolution.

Personal History

A source of motivation consisting of experiences from conception to the present.

Law of Hedonic Contrast

The principle that the pleasantness of a stimulus is dependent on previous experience with a similar group of stimuli.

Physiological & Neurological factors

Sources of motivation where desires reflect mental activity and corresponding brain processes, and physiological needs influence brain activity.

Psychological Variables

Factors such as personality traits that influence an individual's likes and dislikes.

Choice

The first stage of the motivation sequence where an individual must select an option.

Instrumental Behaviors

Activities engaged in to achieve motive satisfaction, such as doing work to receive pay.

Consummatory Behavior

The final step in the motivation sequence where a reward or avoidance of aversive events is experienced.

Emotion

An origin of motivation that predisposes the individual to act in a manner consistent with the state.

Aristotles first philosophical cause: Efficient

triggers behavior (motives & incentives)

Aristotles second philosophical cause: Final

Goal of the behavior

Aristotles third philosophical cause: formal

things that imporve the survival of the species

Aristotles fourth philosophical cause: Material

the physical substance ie the brain

efficient cause candy example

seeing candy triggers eating

Final cause candy example

triggers eating to provide nourishment

formal cause candy example

enhances chances of survival

material cause example

of the Brian

Hedonism

the pursuit of pleasure ( the greater good) and the avoidance of pain

socrates Hedonism qoute

person should follow course in which pleasure exceeds pain.  Only reason not to is that  you don’t fully understand the full pleasure or pain that can result from behavior

democritus qoute

things are pleasurable if we engage in them and painful if we avoid them.

incentive motivation

Incentives are in the future, so desire of incentive (or greater good) must outweigh the desire for immediate pleasure

principle of utility

Actions are determined by whether they increase or decrease happiness. Objects have utility if it benefits us, or helps us avoid pain

thorndikes law of effect

observable personal consequences guide behavior.  Reinforcers increase behavior, punishers decrease behavior. 

The Law of Effect

objective and based on external observable events, ex.) hedonism

Instincts

internal stimulus that produces a specific pattern in a species.  They have survival value and are not generally influenced by learning (seen across the whole species)

fixed action patterns

inherited disposition that shows itself when a particular stimulus is present

Evolutionary Psychology

combines genetics, human nature and instincts to explain current behavior in terms of our evolutionary past. ex.) grasping reflex in babies they used to grap onto their mothers

internal; sources of motivation: Drives

internal stimulus that is the initial inducement for a behavior.  Remains even after the instigating stimulus is removed. no incentive ex.) searching for water

Psychological Needs

1.Inherent characteristics that stop after the goal is obtained

Primary or Viscerogenic needs

physiological, produce bodily satisfaction ex.) thirst, hunger

Secondary or Psychogenic Needs

Mental or emotional satisfaction that is derived from primary needs. 

Murry’s need; Achievement Definition and example

to acomplish difficult tasks, surpas self and others. EX.) “I am driven to ever greater efforts by an unslaked ambition”

Murry’s need; Affiliation Definition and example

To approach others, win their affection; to remain loyal to friends. EX.) “I am in my element when I am with a group of people who enjoy life”

Murry’s need; Autonomy Definition and example

To be independent and free, to resist coercion EX.) “ I am unable to do my best work when I am in an subserviant position”

Murry’s need; Dominance Definition and example

To control your enviornment, to influence and direct others. EX.) “ I enjoy organizing or directing the activeties of a group- team, club, or committee”

Murry’s need; Order Definition and example

To put things in order, to organize, to be neat and clean EX.) “ I know what I want to say without having to fumble about for the right word”

Murry’s need; Understanding Definition and example

To ask questions, seek answers, to analyze events, to enjoy using theory, logic, reason. EX.) I enjoy reflection and speculation as much as anything.”

Lewin’s field theory calculation

Valence of goal properties; tension in person divided by psychological distance

Lewin’s field theory- Psychological forces

 human action takes place in life space (internal & environmental)

Forces

move person to or from objects or activities

Positive valence

attract

negative valence

repel

Psychological distance

time (incentive delay) or physical space (ft, inch) (in environment now)

Tension

deficit in internal environment; unfulfilled intention.

Emotions-Action readiness

The tendency of an emotion to serve as impulse for a specific action. ex.) waiting until parents are in a good moood to ask to go out

Emotions- Perception of physiological changes is perceived as emotion.

ex.) heart rate speeding up because you have a crush

Emotions- Facial Feedback Hypothesis

alter intensity of an emotion by altering facial expression. 

Psychoactive Drugs

any chemical that alters mood and behavior by its action on the functioning of the brain. give no sensory pleasure from ingestion EX.) Cocaine, Opiates, Nicotine, Cannabis, Hallucinogens & Alcohol

Motives for drug use- Positive Reinforcement 

drugs make us feel good, the goal is to experience an euphoric effect.

Motives for drug use-Negative Reinforcement

drugs relieve an dysphoric mood. Ex. boredom, anxiety, distress, or withdrawal symptoms. 

Factors in drug use- Opponent Process Model

initial pleasurable reaction to the drug induces the body to produce an opponent process that returns the body to homeostasis EX.)

Factors in drug use- Drug Tolerance

Diminished effect with continued use of the same dosage; increased dosage needed to produce desired initial effect

Factors in drug use- Withdrawal

dysphoria produced by drug abstinence

Craving

urge to obtain pleasureable effect of a drug or the desire to be rid or negative withdrawal symptons.

Addiction

Continued drug use despite adverse physical and social effects.  Loss of control, not simply repeated drug taking. 

Reward Deficiency Syndrome

self medicating to correct improper imbalance of dopamine in brain reward circuitry. Genetic predisposition.

Personality disposition

Impulsiveness; lack of planning

Conditioned Compensatory Response Model (Siegel):

stimuli associated with drug taking evoke conditioned responses that are opposite to the unconditioned drug response. Stimuli can be same bar, paraphernalia, friends, rituals etc

Conditioned Drug-like Response Model (Stewart et al):

Stimuli associated with drug taking elicit conditioned responses that evoke a reaction very similar to the actual drug effect.

Drug Priming

Strong craving for a drug can be reinstated after a single drug exposure or stimuli associated with drug taking.  Stress can also reinstate craving.

Dopamine

responsible for reinforcing effects of natural rewards. EX.) eating, drinking, Mating

Endorphins

naturally produced opioids, “internally produced morphine”

Positive addictions

produce compulsive activity that enhances health. Endorphin-exercise high - strenuous exercise release endorphins.

Behavioral addictions

Gambiling, internet/video games, shopping

Set point