chapter 1 5 motor development

Social-cultural constraints

- Type of environmental constraint

- Group attitudes that affect motor behaviors on an individual

- Social values, mores, ideals, norms, stereotypes

- Whether its religious, cultural, racial

-Culturally specific concepts about movement behaviors

- Sometimes the media reinforces these concepts

What is the socialization process?

It is the process by which people and situations influence individuals in their choice of activities throughout their lives.

What are the three major elements of socialization?

Significant others, social situations, and personal attributes.

What are significant others in the context of socialization?

Influential or important people, called socializing agents.

What are social situations in socialization?

Places where socialization takes place, such as schools, home, and playgrounds.

What are personal attributes in socialization?

Individual constraints that affect socialization.

What is gender typing?

Gender typing is the process of associating certain activities or roles with a specific gender.

What is an example of a sociocultural constraint?

Gender typing.

What does 'sex' refer to?

Sex refers to male or female biological characteristics.

What does 'gender' refer to?

Gender refers to socially determined masculine or feminine characteristics.

Why is it important to differentiate between 'sex' and 'gender' in physical activity?

Differentiating helps understand the impact of societal norms on participation in sports.

What role do socializing agents play in gender typing?

Socializing agents encourage children to participate in 'gender appropriate' activities.

What types of sports are typically associated with boys?

Boys are often encouraged to participate in 'masculine' sports like football and wrestling.

What types of sports are typically associated with girls?

Girls are often encouraged to participate in 'feminine' sports like gymnastics and figure skating.

How do societal attitudes affect physical activity options for boys and girls?

Societal attitudes can restrict physical activity options based on gender.

What trend has been observed regarding girls' participation in sports in the US?

The number of girls participating in sports has dramatically increased.

Do girls participate in sports at the same rate as boys?

No, girls still lag behind boys in the number of participants.

What is a common trend regarding girls and sports after high school?

Girls are more likely to drop out of sport after high school.

What is Title IX?

A federal law that prohibits gender discrimination in education.

What opportunity does Title IX provide for sports?

Equal opportunity for sports participation for both genders.

What was the participation in high school sports before Title IX in 1972?

4 million males and fewer than 300,000 females participated.

How did female education compare to male education before Title IX?

Females had education in lower places than men.

What was the participation in high school sports in 2016-2017?

4.5 million males and 3.4 million females participated.

What type of sports do more boys and girls select?

Gender-neutral sports rather than highly gendered sports.

What was identified as a constraint to girls' participation in sports?

The sociocultural environment rather than individual constraints.

What are significant others in the context of socialization?

Influential people who are considered socializing agents.

Who are examples of significant others?

Parents, siblings, peers, teachers, and coaches.

Why are peer groups important after childhood?

They provide a strong influence for group activities including team sports and non-sport clubs.

What can a peer group's preference for passive activities lead to?

It can lead once-active children into sedentary adolescence.

What role do coaches and teachers play in youth socialization?

They reinforce existing socialization patterns regarding physical activity.

What must teachers and coaches avoid to encourage participation?

They must avoid providing aversive socialization.

What is a coaching self-report form used for?

It helps coaches note the frequency of desired behaviors in a practice or game.

How can coaching self-report forms enhance coaching effectiveness?

They enhance the possibility of being a positive socializing agent for youths.

How can play environments and games act as constraints?

They can limit opportunities for gross motor activity.

How does lack of adequate space affect children's play?

It can diminish opportunities for gross motor activity.

How can gender-typed play environments affect girls?

They can deprive girls of opportunities to perform complex, difficult skills.

How can toys influence children's activity levels?

Toys may encourage children to be active or inactive.

What is a characteristic of toys marketed to boys?

They tend to be more complex and encourage more vigorous activity.

How can toys contribute to traditional gender roles?

They can encourage traditional gender roles through their design and marketing.

What role does marketing play in gender typing of toys?

Marketing, advertising, and packaging can lead to gender typing.

How do parents influence gender typing in toys?

They may negatively reinforce play with toys they judge to be gender inappropriate.

What trend is seen with video, computer, or streamed games?

They are increasingly influential in children's play.

Other sociocultural constraints: Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

Ø It is often difficult to distinguish between sociocultural constraints and individual constraints

Ø Racial characteristics are biological base and relate to genetic similarities within groups

Ø Ethnic characteristics are biological based and relate to cultural similarities that connect groups

Ø Socioeconomic characteristics can sometimes be interrelated to racial and ethnic characteristics

Ø It is important to examine differences among groups without suggesting a priority that differences are biological in nature

Ø Stereotyped threat of a stigmatized group can result in pressure to perform below ones actual capabilities