Lab Exam 2

TAMU anieto, lab 6-10

What is the function of the cnidocyte, the distinguishing cell type of Cnidarians?

Capturing prey and defense through stinging

Corals are found in _____ which Phylum

 

Phylum Cnidaria

Which of the following are characteristics of Cnidarians? (Select all that apply)

1. Presence of mesoglea between tissue layers

2. Alternation between motile medusa and sessile polyp stages

3. Specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes

4. Diploblastic body structure with radial symmetry

5. Centralized nervous system

1. Presence of mesoglea between tissue layers

2. Alternation between motile medusa and sessile polyp stages

3. Specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes

4. Diploblastic body structure with radial symmetry

 Which of the following are indicative of fungi?  More than one answer may be correct.

produce glycogen

• produce the pigment chlorophyll

• make the pigment melanin

• produce starch

• produce glycogen

• use chitin in the cell wall

• produce seeds

• make the pigment melanin

• produce glycogen

• use chitin in the cell wall

Choanocytes are found in _____.

Phylum Porifera

Which of the following attributes are true regarding fungi?  More than one answer may be correct.\

Fungi can be pathogens of animals and kill them.

 

• Fungi are important decomposers.

• They can form close symbiotic relationships with plants that are required for productive growth of the plant.

• They can be vicious plant pathogens and can kill plants.

• Fungi are nonessential to life on Earth.

• Fungi produce a vast array of metabolic compounds including hallucinogens.

• Fungi can be pathogens of animals and kill them.

• Fungi can be pathogens of animals and kill them.

• Fungi are important decomposers.

• They can form close symbiotic relationships with plants that are required for productive growth of the plant.

• They can be vicious plant pathogens and can kill plants.

• Fungi produce a vast array of metabolic compounds including hallucinogens.

For the last 150 years or so, it was thought that lichens were composed of a symbiotic relationship between two organisms; an alga and a fungus. New data has shown that they are frequently found to contain at least three organisms, that could include (More than one answer may be correct):

Alga

Ascomycote fungus

Cyanobacteria

Basidiomycote yeast

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or structure found in Porifera?

 

True tissues, like those found in Eumetazoans.

What are the key characteristics of fungi?

Which of these fungi completely lack sexual reproductive structures?

Which lack asexual reproduction? 

Where are zoospores found in? (Which Phylum)

Where are Zygosporangium (where zygospores are produced) found in?

Where are Sporangiophore/Asexual Sporangium found in?

Where are Ascocarp, Ascus, Ascospores, Conidiophore, Conidia found in?

Where are Basidiocarp, Basidium, Basidiospores found in?

Know the difference between Plasmogamy and Karyogamy

What is unique about the fungi in terms of karyogamy? 

Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals? Why?

How do fungi obtain food?

What other synapomorphies are shared between animals and fungi? What traits might be convergent evolution instead?

What Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, and Phylum do these organisms belong to?

• Domain: Eukarya

• Supergroup: Opisthokonta

• Kingdom: Fungi

• Phylum: Chytridiomycota

Water molds

Identify the zoospores.

These are small, flagellated motile cells that are typically released from the sporangia. They are not individually distinguishable in this low-magnification overview as they would be microscopic dots swimming within or exiting the larger sporangia.

Why is it important that the zoospores are flagellated? 

Why is it important that the isogametes are flagellated?

Identify the sexual and asexual stages of the lifecycle of the Phylum Chytridiomycota

Is the haploid or diploid life stage dominant in this organism’s life cycle (Phylum Chytridiomycota)? Is this similar or different from other fungi?

When these have hyphae, are they septate or aseptate? (Phylum Chytridiomycota)

What Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, and Phylum do these organisms belong to?

 Identify: Sporangiophores, Zygosporangium. 

Know which structure is a sexual structure and which is an asexual structure. (Phylum Zygomycota)

Know their life cycles (Phylum Zygomycota). What are their asexual sporangia? What are their sexual spores?

• Do these have septate or aseptate hyphae?

What symbiotic association is shown? (Phylum Glomeromycota)

What organisms participate in this association? How do they help each other?

What are the two types of mycorrhizae? Which type does this organism have?

Identify: Arbuscles, Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae. What is their function? (Phylum Glomeromycota)

Which phylum or phyla of fungi has which type of mycorrhizae?  (Phylum Glomeromycota)

Do these have septate or aseptate hyphae?

What Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, and Phylum do these organisms belong to?

Identify: Ascocarp, Ascus, Ascospores, Conidiophore, Conidia  (Phylum Ascomycota)

What are yeasts? Which phylum or phyla of fungi do they belong to?

Know the general life cycle of the phylum Ascomycota.

What is their fruiting body called? Is it a sexual or an asexual reproductive structure?

(Phylum Ascomycota)

Know the differences between normal Ascomycota, parasitic sac fungi, and imperfect sac fungi.

What Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, and Phylum do these organisms belong to?

Identify: Basidiocarp, Basidium, Basidiospores. (Phylum Basidiomycota)

Know the general life cycle of this phylum Basidiomycota.  

Do these have asexual spores? What stage is missing from the lifecycle of these organisms? 

What is their fruiting body called?

What are these symbiotic associations called?

Why can’t we refer to individual species of lichens? 

Why can’t we place Lichens correctly on a cladogram?

What are the three major growth forms/shapes for this type of association? 

Which organisms might participate in this association? What do each of these organisms do for the association?

Can you identify the component organisms in the images above? 

Know the key characteristics for Kingdom Animalia

Know the 3 types of body symmetry 

Know the tissue layers in both diploblastic and triploblastic embryos. What is the difference between the two types of embryos? What do each of these tissue layers become in the adult organism? Which phylum or phyla of animals do not have tissues at all?

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

Be able to describe the sponge body form and explain how sponges feed.

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Osculum

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Spicules

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Choanocytes

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Amoebocytes

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Porocytes

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Mesohyl

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 

• Ostia

What ability allows sponge cells to change into any other type of sponge cell?

What level of organization is present in sponges (cellular? tissue? system?)

Be able to identify the specimens we observed in class (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum).

What are the three general shapes of sponges? 

What are the two subphyla we talked about in the Sponges?

What does each of these use for their skeletons?

What are the two subphyla we talked about in the Sponges?

What does each of these use for their skeletons?

a. To what taxon do these organisms belong? 

b. What structures are characteristic for all of these organisms? 

c. How is this animal similar to the common ancestor of ALL animals? How is it different?

d. Are there tissues? What type of symmetry do these have?

Radiata: Phylum Cnidaria - Corals, Anemones, Jellyfish, and Hydras 

o Know what phylum these organisms belong to. 

o What unique features are only found in this phylum?

Be able to identify the specimens that we observed in class (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum).

b. What level of organization is present in these organisms (cellular? tissue? system?)

c. How many tissue layers do these organisms have? 

d. What type of symmetry do these organisms have?

e. Describe the two body plans/shapes present in this phylum Cnidaria. What is their function?

f. Describe the structure and functions of a gastrovascular cavity?

Mesoglea

Cnidocyte

Incomplete gut

Nerve net

Polyp

Medusa

Know the key characteristics for Kingdom Animalia 

Know the 3 types of body symmetry

Know the tissue layers in both diploblastic and triploblastic embryos. What is the difference between the two types of embryos? What do each of these tissue layers become in the adult organism? Which phylum or phyla of animals do not have tissues at all?

What is a coelom? What are the 3 types of body cavity structures that can form in triploblastic organisms?

What are the differences between protostome and deuterostome embryos? How many tissue layers does an organism have to have to be either a protostome or a deuterostome?

Know the phylum that these organisms belong to 

What level of organization is present in these organisms (cellular? tissue? organ? organ system?)

Ecdysozoans

 Bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic protostome organisms that MOLT!

Protostomes and Deuterostomes all have

THREE tissue layers!

How many tissue layers do these organisms have? 

What type of symmetry do these organisms demonstrate? 

Does this group possess a body cavity? If so, what type of body cavity do they have?

(Phylum Nematoda)

Which of these slides is Male? Female? How can you tell? 

What unique features are found in nematodes?

Spiders  (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum)

Insects  (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum)

Myriapods (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum)

Crustaceans (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum)

Know the characteristics of this phylum Arthropoda

Know which specific organisms belong to the following subphyla: 

o Subphylum Chelicerata (Cheliceriformes)

o Subphylum Myriapoda

● Pancrustacea 

o Subphylum Hexapoda 

o Subphylum Crustacea

Be able to identify all of the external anatomy required from the Grasshopper and Crayfish examinations

a. To what phylum / subphylum do these organisms or structures belong? 

b. What groups of organisms are included in this taxon?

c. What structures are characteristic for the organisms in each group? 

d. Make sure you could identify any of the structures we found in dissections 

e. Do these organisms have a true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no body cavity at all?

f. What type of body symmetry do these have? How many tissue layers in the embryo?

Lophotrochozoans

Bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic protostome organisms that may have a lophophore feeding structure, a trochophore larval stage, and/or spiral cell division in the embryo

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Planarians

Tapeworms

Does this phylum Platyhelminthes possess a body cavity? If so, what type of body cavity do they have?

Be able to identify and describe the function of the following structures: 

▪ Eye spots/ocelli 

▪ Auricles 

▪ Pharynx 

▪ Incomplete gut 

What other unique features do these organisms have?

Lophophorates

animals characterized by a lophophore feeding structure and a reversion to radial cell division 

Know how to differentiate between Brachiopods and Bivalve Molluscs

a. To what phylum do these organisms or structures belong? 

b. What groups of organisms are included in this taxon? 

c. What structures are characteristic for these organisms? 

d. Can you identify the pedicle aperture?

Trochozoans

animals characterized by a trochophore larval stage