Law Enforcement Final

classical organizational theory

military or bureaucratic model, chain of command is necessary

6 principals of organizational theory

principal of hierarchy, division of labor- assignment of limited number of tasks, policies and procedures, rules are recorded in writing, authority, qualifications

community policing

build relationships, achieve crime control, born in 1970s, gained pop in 1990s, foot patrol, neighborhood watches, role modification, decentralization

community policing co-production of crime prevention

police and citizens sharing responsibility for crime prevention

community policing as a philosophy

defined set of value that serve as an ethical and moral foundation, ethos-distinguishing characteristic of service, culture of service must be maintained, accountability from police agencies, buy-in from communities is necessary

basic values of community policing

everyone deserves say in how they are policed, public should have right to be included in objectives of the police and how they achieve them,

community oriented policing services

1994, funds for development, fostering community policing, training provided, over 90% of recruits

criminal behavior is

result of disorder and anonymity

relationship between disorder, crime, and the police

little research states direct link, crime and disorder stem from economic disadvantages

collective efficacy

cohesion among residents and shared expectations of information social control, keeping public spaces safe, working with law enforcement, supports trust

procedural justice

perceptions of fairness, transparency, voice, and impartiality

police legitimacy

police are allowed to exercise authority

problem-oriented policing

1979 by herman goldstein, affects quality of life of residents, address problems rather than activities, more focused than community policing, define, research, and respond to problem

SARA model

scanning by identifying community problems and hotspots, analyzing why a problem is occurring, identifying whether police should respond to issue, assessing the activities after responding to issue

overall effectiveness of problem-oriented policing

more systematic, research-driven, problems beyond scope of police, shown to work but might be difficult to implement

smart policing

any initiative for police to reduce crime by incorporating tech, partnerships with academics, goal of developing info, reduce crime

data-driven policing

leaders collect, analyze departmental data and make informed decisions on operations

evidence-based policing

use of research findings, inform policies and strategies

other bases for policy decisions

authority, research, tradition, analysis

research-driven policing insights

policy decisions, research relevance, officer awareness, external agencies

intensive mobile treatment

assisting with mental health, less reliance on police

thrive NY

mental health services in NYC, 1 bill unaccounted for

CompStat

data-driven policing enhances accountability and effectiveness

predictive policing

data attempting to predict, prevent crime, where and when crimes will occur, against whom, who will commit, may allow focused police action, includes aspects of data driven policing, CompStat, and intelligence-led policing

subsets of crime analysis

geospatial crime analysis- location and person-based analysis-focus on identification

geospatial crime analysis

utilizes crime maps and data management to enhance law enforcement effectiveness and resource allocation, use of dispatch systems, use of specially training civilians

impact of geospatial crime analysis

not a crime reduction strategy by itself, potential yet to be realized

ethical concerns of geospatial crime analysis

bias or unfairness, pasco county’s model of school shooter-discontinued

intelligence-led policing

person-based, community engagement, technological integration, place-based, data analysis

limitations of intelligence-led policing

usability of information, high resource costs, privacy concerns, and the complexities of database creation

technology adoption

drones for surveillance and pursuit, gun detection systems like ShotSpotter, and AI-powered facial recognition are transforming how police detect and respond to crime

social media impact on police

enable rapid info sharing but also create new avenues for criminal activity, extremist recruitment, hate speech, and coordination of illegal acts

terrorism

the use of force to instill fear and coercion

hate crimes

motivated by biases against race, religion, or identity

murder rates

decreased nearly 10% from 2022-2023, not certain whether trend or not

mass shooting definition

no universally agreed upon definition, creating overlap among terrorism, mass shootings, and school shooting classifications

accountability

growing demands following high-profile deadly force incidents, public outcry manifested through widespread protects and calls for legislative action to address systemic issues in policing

body-worn cams

increasingly mandated to reduce unlawful police conduct and increase transparency. powerful evidence in legal proceedings, documenting interactions between officers and citizens

future of policing

complex and shift toward intelligence-led approaches, elements from community problem-solving era will continue while officers gain more authority and access to personal info for crime prevention

USA Patriot Act

expanded LE ability to gather electronic evidence and conduct surveillance to combat terrorism. Freedom Act modified this, enhancing transparency and oversight while maintaining essential security capabilities

police militarization

distinction increasingly blurred, now train militarily and respond to threats with equip that was once for armed forces, DoD supplies military equipment to police, including armored vehicles, weapons, and tactical gear

DNA analysis value

depends entirely on ability to make comparisons against known samples, making database access critical for investigations

CODIS database

nationwide DNA database system enabling collection, storage, and comparison of arrestees’ DNA samples across jurisdictions

Familial DNA Searching

identifies potential relatives of unknown suspects by finding partial matches in DNA databases, expanding investigative leads

DNA phenotyping

predicts physical characteristics like eye color, hair color, and ancestry from DNA samples, serving as an intelligence tool

fingerprint tech

optical sensing and electronic fingerprinting have dramatically improved accuracy and speed. modern systems capture detailed ridge patterns digitally, enabling rapid database comparisons and reducing manual processing errors

facial recognition

analyze unique facial features for identification. significant concerns exist regarding privacy violations, false identifications, and potential bias in algorithm accuracy across different demographics

ShotSpotter

enables near real-time gunshot detection, automatically alerting officers to shooting incidents within seconds, improving response times significantly

thermal imaging

detect heat signatures through walls and obstacles allowing officers to locate suspects, victims, or evidence invisible to the naked eye

CCTV surveillance

closed-circuit television systems provide continuous monitoring of public spaces, deterring crime and capturing crucial evidence for investigations and prosecutions

license plate readers

automatically scan and cross-reference vehicle plates against databases, helping locate stolen vehicles and wanted suspects efficiently

sniffing tech

detect explosives, drugs, and hazardous materials, enhancing threat identification capabilities

online monitoring systems

help identify criminal plans and threats before they materialize

AI

analyze crime patterns, predict hotspots, and assist with resource allocation. machine learning algorithms help identify suspects and process large data volumes efficiently

voice recognition systems

voice-activated systems allow hands-free database queries and report dictation. improves officer safety by reducing distractions during patrol and emergency responses

in-car laptops

mobile data terminals provide instant access to databases, records, and dispatch information. officers can file reports, check warrants, and communicate without returning to the station

smartphone applications

officers use smartphones for real-time translation, evidence photography, GPS navigation, and secure communications. Mobile apps significantly reduce administrative task time in the field